Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease

CVD mortality (death from arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary edema) in the general population (GP) compared with patients with ESRD treated by dialysis. Reprinted with permission.2

Kaplan-Meier curve showing mortality in patients with ESRD by Hgb level. Reprinted with permission.14

Relative mortality risk by serum phosphorus quintiles in 6,407 patients with renal disease who had been on hemodialysis therapy for at least 1 year. Reprinted with permission.18

Coronary calcification in dialysis patients compared with nonrenal disease patients with or without CAD. Reprinted with permission.19

Probability of overall survival in patients with ESRD with aortic stiffening, divided into tertiles. Patients in the highest tertile (pulse wave velocity [PWV] >12 milliseconds) were 5.4 times as likely to die of any cause than those in the lowest tertile (PWV < 9.4 milliseconds) and 5.9 times as likely to die of cardiovascular causes. Reprinted with permission.23

Median percentage of change at 52 weeks in (A) coronary calcification and (B) aortic calcification compared with baseline in patients randomly assigned to sevelamer (■) or a calcium-containing phosphate binder (□). Reprinted with permission.25