American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 49, Issue 3 , Pages 383-393 , March 2007

Kidney Disease as a Predictor of Mortality in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

  • Mark W. Greenwell, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
    • ,
  • Therese M. Mangold, MT

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
    • ,
  • Elizabeth A. Tolley, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, TN.
    • ,
  • Barry M. Wall, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Barry M. Wall, MD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Ave, Ste G410, Memphis, TN 38103.

Received 10 July 2006 ,Accepted 13 November 2006.

References 

  1. Jamil F. Towards a catheter free status in neurogenic bladder dysfunction: A review of bladder management options in spinal cord injury (SCI). Spinal Cord. 2001;39:355–361
  2. Hackler RH. A 25-year prospective mortality study in the spinal cord injured patients: Comparison with the long-term paraplegics. J Urol. 1977;117:486–488
  3. De Vivo MJ, Kartus PL, Stover SL, et al. Causes of death for patients with spinal cord injuries. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1761–1766
  4. Frankel HL, Coll JR, Charlifue SW, et al. Long-term survival in spinal cord injury: A fifty year investigation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:266–274
  5. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305
  6. Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G, et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn Study. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1402–1407
  7. Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GFH, et al. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation. 2002;106:1777–1782
  8. Fried LF, Katz R, Sarnak MJ, et al. Kidney function as a predictor of noncardiovascular mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3728–3735
  9. de Leeuw PW, Lutgrade T, Birkenhager WH, et al. Prognostic significance of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: Results from the Syst-Euro trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2213–2222
  10. Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Katz R, et al. Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2049–2060
  11. de Leeuw PW, Ruilope LM, Palmer CR, et al. Clinical significance of renal function in hypertensive patients at high risk. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2459–2464
  12. Roest M, Banga JD, Jannsen WMT, et al. Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 2001;103:3057–3061
  13. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Parfrey PS, Kannel WB, Levy D. Proteinuria as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in older people: A prospective study. Am J Med. 2000;109:1–8
  14. Wachtell K, Ibsen H, Olsen MH, et al. Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE Study. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:901–906
  15. Tanihara S, Hayakawa T, Oki I, et al. Proteinuria is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular mortality: Nippon Data 80, 1980-1999. J Epidemiol. 2005;15:146–153
  16. Wall BM, Huch KM, Mangold TA, Steere EL, Cooke CR. Risk factors for development of proteinuria in chronic spinal cord injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:899–903
  17. Greenwell MW, Zaidi SJ, Mangold TM, et al. Relationship between proteinuria and mortality in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:336A;(abstr)
  18. Spinal Cord Injury Service, Part XXIV. Veterans Health Administration Manual M-2. Washington DC: Department of Veterans Affairs; 1994;
  19. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S1–S266
  20. Segura J, Campo C, Ruilope LM. Effect of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl. 2004;66:S45–S49
  21. Hallan S, de Mutsert R, Carlsen S, Dekker FW, Aasarod K, Holmen J. Obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity as risk factors for CKD: Are men more vulnerable?. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:396–405
  22. Levin A, Thompson CR, Ethier J, et al. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: Impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34:125–134
  23. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Curhan GC. Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: Results from the NHANES III. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:504–510
  24. Shlipak MG, Fried LF, Crump C, et al. Elevations of inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers in elderly persons with renal insufficiency. Circulation. 2003;107:87–92
  25. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm L, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic US adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:469–477
  26. Shlipak MG, Stehman-Breen C, Fried LF, et al. The presence of frailty in elderly persons with chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:861–867
  27. Leikis MJ, McKenna MJ, Peterson AC, et al. Exercise performance falls over time in patients with chronic kidney disease despite maintenance of hemoglobin concentration. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:488–495
  28. Nissenson AR, Collins AJ, Hurley J, Petersen H, Pereira BJ, Steinberg EP. Opportunities for improving the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency: Current practice patterns. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1713–1720
  29. Krum H, Hoses LG, Brown DJ. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in chronic spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia. 1992;30:381–388
  30. Buchholz AC, Bugaresti JM. A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of coronary artery disease in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43:513–518
  31. Weld KJ, Wall BM, Mangold TA, Steere EL, Dmochowski RR. Influences on renal function in chronic spinal cord injured patients. J Urol. 2000;164:1490–1493
  32. Vaziri ND. Pathophysiology of end-stage renal disease in spinal cord injury. Mt Sinai J Med. 1993;60:302–304
  33. Barton CH, Vaziri ND, Gordon S, Tilles S. Renal pathology in end stage renal disease associated with paraplegia. Paraplegia. 1984;22:31–41
  34. Pahl MV, Vaziri NS, Gordon S, Tuero S. Cardiovascular pathology in dialysis patients with spinal cord injury. Artif Organs. 1983;7:416–419
  35. Fairshter RD, Vaziri ND, Gordon S. Frequency and spectrum of pulmonary diseases in patients with chronic renal failure associated with spinal cord injury. Respiration. 1983;44:58–62
  36. Meshkinpour H, Vaziri ND, Gordon S. Gastrointestinal pathology in patients with chronic renal failure associated with spinal cord injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 1982;77:562–564
  37. Go AS, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and risk of adverse outcomes. Nephrol Rounds. 2005;3:1–6
  38. Imai K, Kadowaki T, Aizawa Y. Standardized indices of mortality among persons with spinal cord injury: Accelerated aging process. Ind Health. 2004;42:213–218
  39. Janzen J, Vuong PN, Bersh U, Michel D, Zaech GA. Bladder tissue biopsies in spinal cord injured patients: Histopathologic aspects of 61 cases. Neurourol Urodyn. 1998;17:525–530
  40. Menon EB, Tan ES. Pyuria: Index of infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. Br J Urol. 1992;69:144–146
  41. Bagley RS, Center SA, Lewis RM, et al. The effect of experimental cystitis and iatrogenic blood contamination on the urine protein/creatine ratio in the dog. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5:66–70
  42. Pederson LM, Milman N. Influence of bacteriuria on the determination of urinary albumin excretion rate. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1995;33:451–452
  43. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1–12
  44. Hsu CY, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG. Racial differences in the progression from chronic renal insufficiency to end-stage renal disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2902–2907
  45. Romundstad S, Holmen J, Kvenild K, Hallan H, Ellekjaer H. Microalbuminuria and all-cause mortality in 2,089 apparently healthy individuals: A 4.4 year follow-up study (The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:466–473
  46. Mohler JL, Ellison MF, Flanigan RC. Creatinine clearance prediction in spinal cord injury patients: Comparison of 6 prediction equations. J Urol. 1988;139:706–709
  47. Kaji D, Strauss I, Kahn T. Serum creatinine in patients with spinal cord injury. Mt Sinai J Med. 1990;57:160–164
  48. Mirahmadi MK, Byrne C, Baston C, Penera N, Gordon S, Vaziri ND. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine in spinal cord injury patients. Paraplegia. 1983;21:23–29
  49. Rose BD, Post TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001;
  50. Mohler JL, Barton SD, Blouin RA, Cowen DL, Flanigan RC. The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol. 1986;136:366–369
  51. Vaziri ND, Bruno A, Mirahmadi MK, Golji H, Gordon S, Byrne C. Features of residual renal function in end-stage renal failure associated with spinal cord injury. Int J Artif Organs. 1984;7:319–322
  52. MacDiarmid SA, McIntyre WJ, Anthony A, Bailey RR, Turner JG, Arnold EP. Monitoring of renal function in patients with spinal cord injury. BJU Int. 2000;85:1014–1018

 Originally published online as doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.11.044 on January 22, 2007.

 Support: None. Potential conflicts of interest: None.

PII: S0272-6386(06)01847-6

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.11.044

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 49, Issue 3 , Pages 383-393 , March 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution