25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Albuminuria in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Received 30 January 2007; accepted 19 April 2007.
Background
Albuminuria is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression, end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Animal studies suggested that vitamin D insufficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of albuminuria.
Study Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting & Participants
15,068 adults participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Predictor
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, examined in quartiles.
Outcomes & Measurements
Albuminuria, defined using established sex-specific cutoff values for urine albumin-creatinine ratio (25 to 2,999 mg/g for women, 17 to 2,999 mg/g for men).
Results
A stepwise increase in the prevalence of albuminuria was observed with decreasing quartiles of vitamin D concentration: 8.9%, 11.5%, 13.7%, and 15.8% (P < 0.001). Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, region and season of measurement, smoking status, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, relative risks for albuminuria by decreasing quartile of vitamin D concentration were 1.00 (reference group), 1.14 (95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.37), 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.45), and 1.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.71; P = 0.006). Additionally adjusting for blood pressure and diabetes mellitus, these risks were somewhat attenuated and retained statistical significance.
Limitations
The cross-sectional design of this study does not allow demonstration of temporal or causal relationships between vitamin D and albuminuria.
Conclusions
Additional studies are needed to clarify the relationship of vitamin D with albuminuria and determine whether vitamin D therapy prevents or improves markers of kidney and cardiovascular disease.
ABSTRACT