American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 3 , Pages 504-514 , March 2008

Kidney Biopsy in HIV: Beyond HIV-Associated Nephropathy

  • Derek M. Fine, MD

      Affiliations

    • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Derek M. Fine, MD, 1830 East Monument St, Ste 416, Baltimore, MD 21205.
  • ,
  • Mark A. Perazella, MD

      Affiliations

    • Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
  • ,
  • Gregory M. Lucas, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
  • ,
  • Mohamed G. Atta, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

Received 14 November 2007 ,Accepted 12 December 2007.

References 

  1. Estrella M, Fine DM, Gallant JE, et al. HIV type 1 RNA level as a clinical indicator of renal pathology in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:377–380
  2. Ross MJ, Klotman PE. Recent progress in HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2997–3004
  3. Lucas GM, Eustace JA, Sozio S, Mentari EK, Appiah KA, Moore RD. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and the incidence of HIV-1-associated nephropathy: A 12-year cohort study. AIDS. 2004;18:541–546
  4. Cosgrove CJ, Abu-Alfa AK, Perazella MA. Observations on HIV-associated renal disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:102–106
  5. Atta MG, Gallant JE, Rahman MH, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2809–2813
  6. Selik RM, Byers RH, Dworkin MS. Trends in diseases reported on U.S. death certificates that mentioned HIV infection, 1987-1999. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:378–387
  7. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2005 Annual Data Report. The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2005. http://www.usrds.org/2005/pdf/02_incid_prev_05.pdfAccessed August 22, 2007
  8. National Diabetes Surveillance System: Incidence of Diabetes. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/incidence/table6.htmAccessed August 30, 2007
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension—United States, 1999-2002. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:7–9
  10. Atta MG, Fine DM, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Moore RD, Lucas GM. Survival on renal replacement therapy among African Americans infected with HIV-1 in urban Baltimore. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1625–1632
  11. Wyatt CM, Winston JA, Malvestutto CD, et al. Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: An urban epidemic. AIDS. 2007;21:2101–2103
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report (Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States). vol 16 2004;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2004report/pdf/2004SurveillanceReport.pdfAccessed August 22, 2007
  13. Gupta SK, Eustace JA, Winston JA, et al. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: Recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1559–1585
  14. Jaffe JA, Kimmel PL. Chronic nephropathies of cocaine and heroin abuse: A critical review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:655–667
  15. Fine DM, Garg N, Haas M, et al. Cocaine use and hypertensive renal changes in HIV-infected individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1125–1130
  16. Siedner MA, Atta MG, Lucas GM, Perazella MA, Fine DM. Poor validity of urine dipstick as a screening tool for proteinuria in HIV patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:261–262
  17. Franceschini N, Napravnik S, Eron JJ, Szczech LA, Finn WF. Incidence and etiology of acute renal failure among ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1526–1531
  18. Bruggeman LA, Dikman S, Meng C, Quaggin SE, Coffman TM, Klotman PE. Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:84–92
  19. Ross MJ, Bruggeman LA, Wilson PD, Klotman PE. Microcyst formation and HIV-1 gene expression occur in multiple nephron segments in HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2645–2651
  20. Barisoni L, Kriz W, Mundel P, D’Agati V. The dysregulated podocyte phenotype: A novel concept in the pathogenesis of collapsing idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:51–61
  21. Winston JA, Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, et al. Nephropathy and establishment of a renal reservoir of HIV type 1 during primary infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1979–1984
  22. Ross MD, Klotman ME. HIV-associated nephropathy. AIDS. 2004;18:1089–1099
  23. Monahan M, Tanji N, Klotman PE. HIV-associated nephropathy: An urban epidemic. Semin Nephrol. 2001;21:394–402
  24. Ross MJ, Klotman PE, Winston JA. HIV-associated nephropathy: Case study and review of the literature. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2000;14:637–645
  25. Atta MG, Choi MJ, Longenecker JC, et al. Nephrotic range proteinuria and CD4 count as noninvasive indicators of HIV-associated nephropathy. Am J Med. 2005;118:1288.e21–1288.e26
  26. Atta MG, Longenecker JC, Fine DM, et al. Sonography as a predictor of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:603–610quiz 612-613
  27. Casanova S, Mazzucco G, Barbiano di Belgiojoso G, et al. Pattern of glomerular involvement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: An Italian study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;26:446–453
  28. Nochy D, Glotz D, Dosquet P, et al. Renal disease associated with HIV infection: A multicentric study of 60 patients from Paris hospitals. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:11–19
  29. Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Ferreira-Centeno A, Farkas-Szallasi T, Abraham AA, Garrett CT. Brief report: Idiotypic IgA nephropathy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:702–706
  30. Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Ferreira-Centeno A, Farkas-Szallasi T, Abraham AA, Garrett CT. HIV-associated immune-mediated renal disease. Kidney Int. 1993;44:1327–1340
  31. Kimmel PL, Barisoni L, Kopp JB. Pathogenesis and treatment of HIV-associated renal diseases: Lessons from clinical and animal studies, molecular pathologic correlations, and genetic investigations. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:214–226
  32. Roling J, Schmid H, Fischereder M, Draenert R, Goebel FD. HIV-associated renal diseases and highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced nephropathy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1488–1495
  33. Maslo C, Peraldi MN, Desenclos JC, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy and cytomegalovirus disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:350–355
  34. Ahmed S, Siddiqui RK, Siddiqui AK, Zaidi SA, Cervia J. HIV associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:520–525
  35. Galpin JE, Shinaberger JH, Stanley TM, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin. Am J Med. 1978;65:756–765
  36. Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001;60:804–817
  37. Von Bargen J, Moorman A, Holmberg S. How many pills do patients with HIV infection take?. JAMA. 1998;280:29
  38. Perazella MA. Drug-induced nephropathy: An update. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4:689–706
  39. Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Acute interstitial nephritis: A clinical and morphological study in 27 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5:94–99
  40. Cruz DN, Perazella MA. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: The clinical spectrum. Hosp Pract. 1998;33:151–152157-158, 161-164
  41. Perazella MA. Acute renal failure in HIV-infected patients: A brief review of common causes. Am J Med Sci. 2000;319:385–391
  42. Markowitz GS, Perazella MA. Drug-induced renal failure: A focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;351:31–47
  43. Kopp JB, Klotman ME, Adler SH, et al. Progressive glomerulosclerosis and enhanced renal accumulation of basement membrane components in mice transgenic for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:1577–1581
  44. Chang HR, Pella PM. Atazanavir urolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2158–2159
  45. Pacanowski J, Poirier JM, Petit I, Meynard JL, Girard PM. Atazanavir urinary stones in an HIV-infected patient. AIDS. 2006;20:2131
  46. Chan-Tack KM, Truffa MM, Struble KA, Birnkrant DB. Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: Cases from the US Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System. AIDS. 2007;21:1215–1218
  47. Couzigou C, Daudon M, Meynard JL, et al. Urolithiasis in HIV-positive patients treated with atazanavir. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:e105–e108
  48. Stratta P, Lazzarich E, Canavese C, Bozzola C, Monga G. Ciprofloxacin crystal nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:330–335
  49. Gallant JE, DeJesus E, Arribas JR, et al. Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:251–260
  50. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: A 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:191–201
  51. Gallant JE, Parish MA, Keruly JC, Moore RD. Changes in renal function associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment, compared with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1194–1198
  52. Coca S, Perazella MA. Rapid communication: Acute renal failure associated with tenofovir: Evidence of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Med Sci. 2002;324:342–344
  53. Karras A, Lafaurie M, Furco A, et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1070–1073
  54. Rifkin BS, Perazella MA. Tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity: Fanconi syndrome and renal failure. Am J Med. 2004;117:282–284
  55. Schaaf B, Aries SP, Kramme E, Steinhoff J, Dalhoff K. Acute renal failure associated with tenofovir treatment in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:e41–e43
  56. Verhelst D, Monge M, Meynard JL, et al. Fanconi syndrome and renal failure induced by tenofovir: A first case report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1331–1333
  57. Zimmermann AE, Pizzoferrato T, Bedford J, Morris A, Hoffman R, Braden G. Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: A case of multiple drug interactions. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:283–290
  58. Stokes MB, Chawla H, Brody RI, et al. Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29:514–525
  59. Cheng JT, Anderson HL, Markowitz GS, Appel GB, Pogue VA, D’Agati VD. Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:1566–1574
  60. Keller CK, Andrassy K, Waldherr R, Ritz E. Postinfectious glomerulonephritis—Is there a link to alcoholism?. Q J Med. 1994;87:97–102
  61. Montseny JJ, Meyrier A, Kleinknecht D, Callard P. The current spectrum of infectious glomerulonephritis (Experience with 76 patients and review of the literature). Medicine (Baltimore). 1995;74:63–73
  62. Moroni G, Pozzi C, Quaglini S, et al. Long-term prognosis of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with infection in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1204–1211
  63. Nasr SH, Markowitz GS, Stokes MB, Said SM, Valeri AM, D’Agati VD. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era: Experience with 86 adults and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87:21–32
  64. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS. Assessing kidney function—Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2473–2483
  65. Hergesell O, Felten H, Andrassy K, Kuhn K, Ritz E. Safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy—Retrospective analysis of 1090 consecutive cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:975–977
  66. Whittier WL, Korbet SM. Timing of complications in percutaneous renal biopsy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:142–147
  67. Manno C, Strippoli GF, Arnesano L, et al. Predictors of bleeding complications in percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1570–1577
  68. Whittier WL, Korbet SM. Renal biopsy: Update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13:661–665

 Originally published online as doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.005 on February 2, 2008.

PII: S0272-6386(07)01596-X

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.005

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 3 , Pages 504-514 , March 2008