American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 4, Supplement 2 , Pages S38-S45 , April 2008

CKD and Cardiovascular Disease in Screened High-Risk Volunteer and General Populations: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

  • Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH, FACC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology, Nutrition, and Preventive Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH, FACC, Divisions of Cardiology, Nutrition, and Preventive Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, 4949 Coolidge Hwy, Royal Oak, MI 48073.
    • ,
  • Suying Li, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Claudine T. Jurkovitz, MD

      Affiliations

    • Christiana Care Center for Outcomes Research, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
    • ,
  • Lesley A. Stevens, MD

      Affiliations

    • Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA
    • ,
  • Changchun Wang, MS

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Allan J. Collins, MD

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Shu-Cheng Chen, MS

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Keith C. Norris, MD
    • ,
  • Samy I. McFarlane, MD

      Affiliations

    • SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY
    • ,
  • Bruce Johnson, MD

      Affiliations

    • KEEP Steering Committee, National Kidney Foundation, New York, NY
    • ,
  • Michael G. Shlipak, MD

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
    • ,
  • Chamberlain I. Obialo, MD

      Affiliations

    • Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
    • ,
  • Wendy Weinstock Brown, MD

      Affiliations

    • Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL
    • ,
  • Joseph A. Vassalotti, MD

      Affiliations

    • National Kidney Foundation, New York, NY
    • Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
    • ,
  • Adam T. Whaley-Connell, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
    • ,
  • Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators

Received 16 November 2007 ,Accepted 27 December 2007.

References 

  1. Schieppati A, Remuzzi G. Chronic renal diseases as a public health problem: Epidemiology, social, and economic implications. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005;98:S7–S10
  2. Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:992–999
  3. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:629–636
  4. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S32–S36
  5. Shulman NB, Ford CE, Hall WD, et al. Prognostic value of serum creatinine and effect of treatment of hypertension on renal function (Results from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group). Hypertension. 1989;13:I80–I93
  6. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Perry IJ. Serum creatinine concentration and risk of cardiovascular disease: A possible marker for increased risk of stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:557–563
  7. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305
  8. Weiner DE, Tabatabai S, Tighiouart H, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: Exploring the interaction between CKD and cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:392–401
  9. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154–2169
  10. Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:659–663
  11. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  12. Yerkey MW, Kernis SJ, Franklin BA, Sandberg KR, McCullough PA. Renal dysfunction and acceleration of coronary disease. Heart. 2004;90:961–966
  13. McCullough PA. Why is chronic kidney disease the “spoiler” for cardiovascular outcomes?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:725–728
  14. McCullough PA. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease from a cardiologist’s perspective. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13:591–600
  15. Soman SS, Sandberg KR, Borzak S, Hudson MP, Yee J, McCullough PA. The independent association of renal dysfunction and arrhythmias in critically ill patients. Chest. 2002;122:669–677
  16. McCullough PA, Sandberg KR. Chronic kidney disease and sudden death: Strategies for prevention. Blood Purif. 2004;22:136–142
  17. McCullough PA, Lepor NE. Piecing together the evidence on anemia: The link between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2005;6(suppl 3):S4–S12
  18. Brown WW, Peters RM, Ohmit SE, et al. Early detection of kidney disease in community settings: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:22–35
  19. Jurkovitz CT, Qiu Y, Wang C, Gilbertson DT, Brown WW. The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP): Program design and demographic characteristics of the population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(suppl 2):S3–S12
  20. McCullough PA, Soman SS, Shah SS, et al. Risks associated with renal dysfunction in patients in the coronary care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:679–684
  21. Haugen E, Nath KA. The involvement of oxidative stress in the progression of renal injury. Blood Purif. 1999;17:58–65
  22. Caramori ML, Kim Y, Huang C, et al. Cellular basis of diabetic nephropathy: 1. Study design and renal structural-functional relationships in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:506–513
  23. Nosadini R, Velussi M, Brocco E, et al. Course of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormalities of albumin excretion rate. Diabetes. 2000;49:476–484
  24. Makaritsis KP, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, Eleftheriadis T, Stefanidis I. Adaptation of renal function in heart failure. Ren Fail. 2006;28:527–535
  25. McCullough PA, Jurkovitz CT, Pergola PE, et al. Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: Results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1122–1129
  26. McCullough PA. Coronary artery disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:611–616

 A list of author affiliations appears at the end of this article, as well as a list of the Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators.

PII: S0272-6386(08)00005-X

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.017

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 4, Supplement 2 , Pages S38-S45 , April 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution