American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 4, Supplement 2 , Pages S46-S55 , April 2008

Prevalence and Associations of Anemia of CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

  • Samy I. McFarlane, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Endocrinology, SUNY-Downstate and Kings County Hospital Centers, Brooklyn, NY
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Samy I. McFarlane, MD, MPH, Department of Medicine, Box 50, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Kings County Hospital Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203.
    • ,
  • Shu-Cheng Chen, MS

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Adam T. Whaley-Connell, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
    • ,
  • James R. Sowers, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
    • ,
  • Joseph A. Vassalotti, MD

      Affiliations

    • National Kidney Foundation, New York, NY
    • Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
    • ,
  • Moro O. Salifu, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Endocrinology, SUNY-Downstate and Kings County Hospital Centers, Brooklyn, NY
    • ,
  • Suying Li, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Changchun Wang, MS

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • George Bakris, MD

      Affiliations

    • Hypertensive Diseases Unit, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
    • ,
  • Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI
    • ,
  • Allan J. Collins, MD

      Affiliations

    • Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • ,
  • Keith C. Norris, MD

      Affiliations

    • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
    • David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
    • ,
  • Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators

Received 21 November 2007 ,Accepted 28 December 2007.

References 

  1. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–2047
  2. Shoham DA, Vupputuri S, Diez Roux AV, et al. Kidney disease in life-course socioeconomic context: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:217–226
  3. Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, et al. Excess risk of chronic kidney disease among African-American versus white subjects in the United States: A population-based study of potential explanatory factors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2363–2370
  4. McFarlane SI, Salifu MO, Makaryus J, Sowers JR. Anemia and cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2006;6:213–218
  5. McCullough PA, Lepor NE. The deadly triangle of anemia, renal insufficiency, and cardiovascular disease: Implications for prognosis and treatment. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2005;6:1–10
  6. Vlagopoulos PT, Sarnak MJ. Traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89:587–611
  7. Levin A, Stevens L, McCullough PA. Cardiovascular disease and the kidney (Tracking a killer in chronic kidney disease). Postgrad Med. 2002;111:53–60
  8. Uhlig K, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ. Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2003;16:118–127
  9. El Atat FA, Stas SN, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. The relationship between hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and progressive renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2816–2827
  10. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(suppl 3):S11–S145
  11. Nurko S. Anemia in chronic kidney disease: Causes, diagnosis, treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:289–297
  12. Johnson-Spear MA, Yip R. Hemoglobin difference between black and white women with comparable iron status: Justification for race-specific anemia criteria. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:117–121
  13. Yip R, Schwartz S, Deinard AS. Hematocrit values in white, black, and American Indian children with comparable iron status (Evidence to support uniform diagnostic criteria for anemia among all races). Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:824–827
  14. El Achkar TM, Ohmit SE, McCullough PA, et al. Higher prevalence of anemia with diabetes mellitus in moderate kidney insufficiency: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1483–1488
  15. Jurkovitz CT, Qiu Y, Wang C, Gilbertson DT, Brown WW. The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP): Program design and demographic characteristics of the population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(suppl 2):S3–S12
  16. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group). Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:461–470
  17. Bosman DR, Winkler AS, Marsden JT, Macdougall IC, Watkins PJ. Anemia with erythropoietin deficiency occurs early in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:495–499
  18. Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Vlagopoulos PT, et al. Effects of anemia and left ventricular hypertrophy on cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1803–1810
  19. Stevens PE, O’Donoghue DJ, Lameire NR. Anaemia in patients with diabetes: Unrecognised, undetected and untreated?. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19:395–401
  20. Thomas MC, MacIsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Power D, Jerums G. Unrecognized anemia in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1164–1169
  21. Teillet L, Preisser L, Verbavatz JM, Corman B. [Kidney aging: Cellular mechanisms of problems of hydration equilibrium]. Therapie. 1999;54:147–154
  22. Nordenberg D, Yip R, Binkin NJ. The effect of cigarette smoking on hemoglobin levels and anemia screening. JAMA. 1990;264:1556–1559
  23. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: 2007 Update of Hemoglobin Target. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:471–530
  24. Dowling TC. Prevalence, etiology, and consequences of anemia and clinical and economic benefits of anemia correction in patients with chronic kidney disease: An overview. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(suppl 8):S3–S7

 A list of the members of the Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators appears at the end of this article.

PII: S0272-6386(08)00007-3

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.019

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 51, Issue 4, Supplement 2 , Pages S46-S55 , April 2008

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