Visual Impairment in Elderly Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis
Received 28 December 2007; accepted 9 May 2008. published online 15 August 2008.
Background
Visual impairments are associated with low quality of life, impairment of daily activities, and accidental falls. As dialysis patients are increasingly older and more disabled, we sought to assess visual impairments within an elderly dialysis population. Based on data from the general population, we hypothesized that more than 30% of dialysis patients 65 years or older would have visual impairment manifested by loss of visual acuity, depth perception, or contrast sensitivity.
Study Design
Single-center cross-sectional study.
Setting & Participants
Patients established on hemodialysis therapy, age older than 65 years.
Outcomes
The proportion of elderly hemodialysis patients with impairments in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth perception.
Measurements
Lighthouse Near Visual Acuity Test, Lea Screener contrast sensitivity test (Goodlite, MA, USA), Titmus Stereotest, Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination.
Results
152 of 159 patients (95.6%) had visual acuity levels less than age-expected values. Under North American (American Medical Association, edition 4) guidelines for disability compensation, 62 patients (39.0%) fulfilled criteria for legal blindness. Sixty patients (37.0%) had poor contrast sensitivity and 48 (30.6%) failed the Housefly component of the Titmus Stereotest. Failing the Housefly component was associated with a lower Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination score (23.4 ± 4.2 v 25.1 ± 3.5; P = 0.01).
Limitations
This study is limited by the cross-sectional study design and abbreviated test protocol used for vision assessment.
Conclusions
Results of this study suggest that elderly hemodialysis patients have a high frequency of visual impairment. Formal low vision assessment and low vision rehabilitation may be useful in elderly dialysis patients. Additional study is required to determine whether the absence of depth perception in this patient group is associated with deteriorating cognitive function.
1Nephrology Division, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Address correspondence to Sarbjit V. Jassal, MD, Associate Professor, University of Toronto and Staff Physician, University Health Network, 8NU-857, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
ABSTRACT