American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 400-402 , September 2008

Improving Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients: The Need for Well-Designed Clinical Trials

  • Robert D. Toto, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Robert D. Toto, MD, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856

References 

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  2. United States Renal Data Systems. USRDS Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(suppl 1):S10–S294
  3. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2010–2019
  4. Wanner C, Krane V, März W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:238–248
  5. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:584–590
  6. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356:1213–1218
  7. ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, Ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–1559
  8. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators). Lancet. 2000;355:253–259
  9. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869
  10. Zannad F, Kessler M, Grünfeld JP, et al. FOSIDIAL: a randomised placebo controlled trial of the effects of fosinopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in haemodialysis patients (Study design and patients' baseline characteristics). Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2002;16:353–360
  11. Takahashi A, Takase H, Toriyama T, et al. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis—a randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2507–2512
  12. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:501–506
  13. Nakai S, Wada A, Kitaoka T, et al. An overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2004). Ther Apher Dial. 2006;10:476–497

PII: S0272-6386(08)01107-4

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.009

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 400-402 , September 2008

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