American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 1 , Pages 59-69 , January 2009

Time-Dependent Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of CKD in Korean Men Without Hypertension or Diabetes

  • Seungho Ryu, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Seungho Ryu, MD, PhD, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, 108 Pyung dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, Korea 110-746
  • ,
  • Yoosoo Chang, MD

      Affiliations

    • Health Screening Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Hee-Yeon Woo, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Kyu-Beck Lee, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Soo-Geun Kim, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Dong-Il Kim, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Won Sool Kim, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Byung-Seong Suh, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Chul Jeong, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • ,
  • Kijung Yoon, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Received 1 February 2008 ,Accepted 15 July 2008.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors—United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:161–165
  2. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S1–S246
  3. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K. Risk factors of end-stage renal disease and serum creatinine in a community-based mass screening. Kidney Int. 1997;51:850–854
  4. Hsu CY, Chertow GM. Chronic renal confusion: Insufficiency, failure, dysfunction, or disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:415–418
  5. Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation: European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med. 1999;16:442–443
  6. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NECP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  7. Lorenzo C, Serrano-Rios M, Martinez-Larrad MT, et al. Central adiposity determines prevalence differences of the metabolic syndrome. Obes Res. 2003;11:1480–1487
  8. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2444–2449
  9. Lim S, Park KS, Lee HK, Cho SI. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: Changes in the characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korea over the period 1998-2001 as determined by Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1810–1812
  10. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: Application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:1070–1077
  11. Trevisan M, Liu J, Bahsas FB, Menotti A. Syndrome X and mortality: A population-based study (Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group). Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:958–966
  12. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–2716
  13. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic US adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:469–477
  14. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:167–174
  15. Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y, Higa A, Iseki K. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int. 2006;69:369–374
  16. Kurella M, Lo JC, Chertow GM. Metabolic syndrome and the risk for chronic kidney disease among nondiabetic adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2134–2140
  17. Kitiyakara C, Yamwong S, Cheepudomwit S, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in a Southeast Asian cohort. Kidney Int. 2007;71:693–700
  18. Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M, et al. Metabolic syndrome and CKD in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:383–391
  19. Ryu S, Chang Y, Kim DI, Kim WS, Suh BS. γ-Glutamyltransferase as a predictor of chronic kidney disease in nonhypertensive and nondiabetic Korean Men. Clin Chem. 2007;53:71–77
  20. Chang Y, Ryu S, Sung E, Jang Y. Higher concentrations of alanine aminotransferase within the reference interval predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chem. 2007;53:686–692
  21. Manjunath G, Sarnak MJ, Levey AS. Prediction equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001;10:785–792
  22. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:137–147
  23. WHO Western Pacific Region, IASO and IOTF. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Sydney, Australia: Health Communications Australia Pty Limit; 2000;
  24. Fisher LD, Lin DY. Time-dependent covariates in the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Annu Rev Public Health. 1999;20:145–157
  25. Suissa S, Ernst P. Bias in observational study of the effectiveness of nasal corticosteroids in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:714–719
  26. Ryu S, Song J, Choi BY, et al. Incidence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in Korean male workers, ages 30 to 39. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:245–252
  27. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Faloona GR, Davis PJ. The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:845–855
  28. Rowe JW, Young JB, Minaker KL, Stevens AL, Pallotta J, Landsberg L. Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes. 1981;30:219–225
  29. Clausen T, Everts ME. Regulation of the Na,K-pump in skeletal muscle. Kidney Int. 1989;35:1–13
  30. Dengel DR, Goldberg AP, Mayuga RS, Kairis GM, Weir MR. Insulin resistance, elevated glomerular filtration fraction, and renal injury. Hypertension. 1996;28:127–132
  31. Andronico G, Ferraro-Mortellaro R, Mangano MT, et al. Insulin resistance and glomerular hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1005–1009
  32. Cooper ME. Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Lancet. 1998;352:213–219
  33. Whelton PK, Perneger TV, He J, Klag MJ. The role of blood pressure as a risk factor for renal disease: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. J Hum Hypertens. 1996;10:683–689
  34. Schelling JR, Sedor JR. The metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: More than a fat chance?. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2773–2774
  35. Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC, Eckfeldt J, Klag MJ. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Kidney Int. 2000;58:293–301
  36. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, et al. Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int. 1997;51:1908–1919
  37. Gelber RP, Kurth T, Kausz AT, et al. Association between body mass index and CKD in apparently healthy men. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:871–880
  38. Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Culleton B, Wilson PW, Levy D. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community-based population. JAMA. 2004;291:844–850
  39. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:21–28
  40. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Kinjo K, Inoue T, Iseki C, Takishita S. Body mass index and the risk of development of end-stage renal disease in a screened cohort. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1870–1876
  41. Stengel B, Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, Brancati FL. Lifestyle factors, obesity and the risk of chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology. 2003;14:479–487
  42. Ryu S, Chang Y, Woo HY, et al. Changes in body weight predict CKD in healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:1798–1805
  43. Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Fukiyama K. Predictors of end-stage renal disease and body mass index in a screened cohort. Kidney int Suppl. 1997;63:S169–S170
  44. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS. Assessing kidney function—Measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2473–2483
  45. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans—A 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997;5:16–23
  46. Stevens J, Couper D, Pankow J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of anthropometrics for the prediction of diabetes in a biracial cohort. Obes Res. 2001;9:696–705
  47. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-Reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: An 8-year follow-up of 14,719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107:391–397
  48. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2003;108:414–419
  49. Coresh J, Astor BC, McQuillan G, et al. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:920–929

 Originally published online as doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.027 on October 6, 2008.

PII: S0272-6386(08)01224-9

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.027

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 1 , Pages 59-69 , January 2009