American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 399-407 , March 2009

Serum Phosphorus Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

  • Ian H. de Boer, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
  • ,
  • Tessa C. Rue, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
  • ,
  • Bryan Kestenbaum, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Bryan Kestenbaum, MD, MS, University of Washington, Division of Nephrology, Harborview Medical Center, Rm 10EH11, Box 359764, Seattle, WA 98104-2499

Received 31 March 2008 ,Accepted 22 July 2008.

References 

  1. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphorus product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:607–617
  2. Stevens LA, Djurdjev O, Cardew S, Cameron EC, Levin A. Calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels in combination and as a function of dialysis duration predict mortality: Evidence for the complexity of the association between mineral metabolism and outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:770–779
  3. Young EW, Albert JM, Satayathum S, et al. Predictors and consequences of altered mineral metabolism: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1179–1187
  4. Giachelli CM. Vascular calcification: In vitro evidence for the role of inorganic phosphorus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(suppl 4):S300–S304
  5. Jono S, McKee MD, Murry CE, et al. phosphorus regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res. 2000;87:E10–E17
  6. Dhingra R, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, et al. Relations of serum phosphorus and calcium levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the community. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:879–885
  7. Kestenbaum B, Sampson JN, Rudser KD, et al. Serum phosphorus levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:520–528
  8. Tonelli M, Sacks F, Pfeffer M, Gao Z, Curhan G. Relation between serum phosphorus level and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation. 2005;112:2627–2633
  9. Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphorusmia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2205–2215
  10. Hruska K, Slatopolsky E. Disorders of Phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium metabolism. In:  Schrier R,  Gottschalk C editor. Diseases of the Kidney. vol 3:London, UK: Little, Brown; 1996;p. 2477–2526
  11. Menon V, Greene T, Pereira AA, et al. Relationship of phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product with mortality in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:455–463
  12. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operations of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-1994 (National Center for Health Statistics). Vital Health Stat. 1994;1(32):
  13. Hu FB, Rimm E, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:243–249
  14. Karvetti RL, Knuts LR. Validity of the 24-hour dietary recall. J Am Diet Assoc. 1985;85:1437–1442
  15. Gunter E, Lewis B, Koncikowski S. Laboratory methods used for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (CD-ROM). Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1996;
  16. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3160–3167
  17. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252
  18. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  19. Coresh J, Astor BC, McQuillan G, et al. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:920–929
  20. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:0828A;(abstr)
  21. Mattix HJ, Hsu CY, Shaykevich S, Curhan G. Use of the albumin/creatinine ratio to detect microalbuminuria: Implications of sex and race. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1034–1039
  22. Boukhris R, Becker KL. Calcification of the aorta and osteoporosis (A roentgenographic study). JAMA. 1972;219:1307–1311
  23. Kates DM, Sherrard DJ, Andress DL. Evidence that serum phosphorus is independently associated with serum PTH in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:809–813
  24. Isakova T, Gutierrez O, Shah A, et al. Postprandial mineral metabolism and secondary hyperparathyroidism in early CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:615–623
  25. Mataix J, Aranda P, Lopez-Jurado M, Sanchez C, Planells E, Llopis J. Factors influencing the intake and plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in southern Spain. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45:349–354
  26. Kestenbaum B. phosphorus metabolism in the setting of chronic kidney disease: Significance and recommendations for treatment. Semin Dial. 2007;20:286–294
  27. Kaplan RA, Haussler MR, Deftos LJ, Bone H, Pak CY. The role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the mediation of intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism and absorptive hypercalciuria. J Clin Invest. 1977;59:756–760
  28. Murer H, Hernando N, Forster I, Biber J. Proximal tubular phosphorus reabsorption: Molecular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2000;80:1373–1409
  29. Biber J, Forgo J, Murer H. Modulation of Na+-Pi cotransport in opossum kidney cells by extracellular phosphorus. Am J Physiol. 1988;255:C155–C161
  30. Bowe AE, Finnegan R, Jan de Beur SM, et al. FGF-23 inhibits renal tubular phosphate transport and is a PHEX substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;284:977–981
  31. Kempson SA, Lotscher M, Kaissling B, Biber J, Murer H, Levi M. Parathyroid hormone action on phosphate transporter mRNA and protein in rat renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:F784–F791
  32. Yoshida T, Yoshida N, Monkawa T, Hayashi M, Saruta T. Dietary phosphorus deprivation induces 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression. Endocrinology. 2001;142:1720–1726
  33. Hedback G, Oden A. Increased risk of death from primary hyperparathyroidism—An update. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998;28:271–276
  34. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117:503–511
  35. Watson K. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation. 1997;96:1755–1760
  36. Portale AA, Halloran BP, Morris RC. Dietary intake of phosphorus modulates the circadian rhythm in serum concentration of phosphorus (Implications for the renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). J Clin Invest. 1987;80:1147–1154

 Originally published online as doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.036 on November 7, 2008.

PII: S0272-6386(08)01232-8

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.036

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 399-407 , March 2009