American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 2 , Pages 218-228 , February 2009

Prevalence of CKD in the United States: A Sensitivity Analysis Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

  • Jon J. Snyder, PhD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
    • US Renal Data System, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Jon J. Snyder, PhD, MS, 914 South 8th St, Ste S-253, Minneapolis, MN, 55404
  • ,
  • Robert N. Foley, MB

      Affiliations

    • US Renal Data System, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
  • ,
  • Allan J. Collins, MD

      Affiliations

    • US Renal Data System, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN
    • Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

Received 21 February 2008 ,Accepted 18 July 2008.

References 

  1. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–2047
  2. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S1–S246
  3. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GL. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:155A;(abstr)
  4. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values. Clin Chem. 2007;53:766–772
  5. Eknoyan G, Hostetter T, Bakris GL, et al. Proteinuria and other markers of chronic kidney disease: A position statement of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:617–622
  6. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(suppl 1):S4–S42
  7. Warram JH, Gearin G, Laffel L, et al. Effect of duration of type I diabetes on the prevalence of stages of diabetic nephropathy defined by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:930–937
  8. Jacobs DR, Murtaugh MA, Steffes M, et al. Gender- and race-specific determination of albumin excretion rate using albumin-to-creatinine ratio in single, untimed urine specimens: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:1114–1119
  9. Jones CA, McQuillan GM, Kusek JW, et al. Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:992–999
  10. Coresh J, Wei GL, McQuillan G, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1207–1216
  11. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1–12
  12. Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, et al. Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:180–188
  13. Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: Accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:929–937
  14. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:247–254
  15. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES 1999-2000 Data Files. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/datalink.htmAccessed June 3, 2008
  16. Myers GL, Miller WG, Coresh J, et al. Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: A report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program. Clin Chem. 2006;52:5–18
  17. Selvin E, Manzi J, Stevens LA, et al. Calibration of serum creatinine in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1988-1994, 1999-2004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:918–926
  18. Stevens LA, Manzi J, Levey AS, et al. Impact of creatinine calibration on performance of GFR estimating equations in a pooled individual patient database. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:21–35
  19. Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1098;(ltr)
  20. National Center for Health Statistics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III (1988-94). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/analytical_guidelines.htmAccessed June 3, 2008
  21. US Census Bureau: Population Division. Annual Estimates of the Population by Five-Year Age Groups and Sex for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 (NC-EST2006-01). http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.htmlAccessed June 3, 2008
  22. Rule AD, Gussak HM, Pond GR, et al. Measured and estimated GFR in healthy potential kidney donors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:112–119
  23. Poggio ED, Wang X, Greene T, et al. Performance of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations in the estimation of GFR in health and in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:459–466
  24. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Feldman HI, et al. Evaluation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation in a large diverse population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2749–2757
  25. Ibrahim H, Mondress M, Tello A, et al. An alternative formula to the Cockcroft-Gault and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas in predicting GFR in individuals with type 1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1051–1060
  26. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16:31–41
  27. Jelliffe RW. Creatinine clearance: Bedside estimate. Ann Intern Med. 1973;79:604–605(letter)
  28. Mawer GE, Lucas SB, Knowles BR, et al. Computer-assisted prescribing of kanamycin for patients with renal insufficiency. Lancet. 1972;1:12–15
  29. Hull JH, Hak LJ, Koch GG, et al. Influence of range of renal function and liver disease on predictability of creatinine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;29:516–521
  30. Jelliffe RW. Estimation of creatinine clearance when urine cannot be collected. Lancet. 1971;1:975–976
  31. Gates GF. Creatinine clearance estimation from serum creatinine values: An analysis of three mathematical models of glomerular function. Am J Kidney Dis. 1985;5:199–205
  32. Bjornsson TD, Cocchetto DM, McGowan FX, et al. Nomogram for estimating creatinine clearance. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1983;8:365–369
  33. Bjork J, Back SE, Sterner G, et al. Prediction of relative glomerular filtration rate in adults: New improved equations based on Swedish Caucasians and standardized plasma-creatinine assays. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67:678–695
  34. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Technology Services Standard Reference Materials. http://ts.nist.gov/measurementservices/referencematerials/index.cfmAccessed June 3, 2008

 Originally published online as doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.034 on October 28, 2008.

PII: S0272-6386(08)01237-7

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.034

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 53, Issue 2 , Pages 218-228 , February 2009