Comprehensive Public Health Strategies for Preventing the Development, Progression, and Complications of CKD: Report of an Expert Panel Convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Trends in treated kidney failure by race and age. Incidence counts and rates for kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation (A) by race, adjusted for age and sex, and (B) by age, adjusted for race and sex. Reproduced with permission from the 2007 Annual Data Report of the US Renal Data System.¹¹

Conceptual model of the public health approach for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Green circles, stages of CKD; blue circles, potential antecedents or consequences of CKD; thick arrows between circles, risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of disease that can be affected or detected by interventions; purple circles, outcomes of CKD. “Complications” refers to all complications of CKD and its treatment, including complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate (hypertension, anemia, malnutrition, and bone and mineral disease) and cardiovascular disease. Preventive strategies are shown below the target populations and risk factors to which they apply. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention refer to CKD. Modified and reprinted with permission.²