References

Article Outline

 

1. Teitelbaum D, Guenter P, Howell WH, Kochevar ME, Roth J, Seidner DL: Definition of terms, style, and conventions used in A.S.P.E.N. guidelines and standards. Nutr Clin Pract 20:281-285, 2005

2. Arnold WC, Danford D, Holliday MA: Effects of caloric supplementation on growth in children with uremia. Kidney Int 24:205-209, 1983

3. Betts PR, Magrath G: Growth pattern and dietary intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency. Br Med J 2:189-193, 1974

4. Simmons JM, Wilson CJ, Potter DE, Holliday MA: Relation of calorie deficiency to growth failure in children on hemodialysis and the growth response to calorie supplementation. N Engl J Med 285:653-656, 1971

5. Sylvestre LC, Fonseca KP, Stinghen AE, Pereira AM, Meneses RP, Pecoits-Filho R: The malnutrition and inflammation axis in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 22:864-873, 2007

6. Peterson KE, Chen LC: Defining undernutrition for public health purposes in the United States. J Nutr 120:933-942, 1990

7. Baur LA, Knight JF, Crawford BA, et al: Total body nitrogen in children with chronic renal failure and short stature. Eur J Clin Nutr 48:433-441, 1994

8. El-Bishti M, Burke J, Gill D, Jones RW, Counahan R, Chantler C: Body composition in children on regular hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 15:53-60, 1981

9. Foreman JW, Abitbol CL, Trachtman H, et al: Nutritional intake in children with renal insufficiency: A report of the growth failure in children with renal diseases study. J Am Coll Nutr 15:579-585, 1996

10. Jones RW, Rigden SP, Barratt TM, Chantler C: The effects of chronic renal failure in infancy on growth, nutritional status and body composition. Pediatr Res 16:784-791, 1982

11. Rashid R, Neill E, Smith W, et al: Body composition and nutritional intake in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1730-1738, 2006

12. Salusky IB, Fine RN, Nelson P, Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD: Nutritional status of children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 38:599-611, 1983

13. Karlberg J: On the construction of the infancy-childhood-puberty growth standard. Acta Paediatr 78:26-37, 1989

14. Karlberg J, Engstrom I, Karlberg P, Fryer JG: Analysis of linear growth using a mathematical model. I. From birth to three years. Acta Paediatr Scand 76:478-488, 1987

15. Karlberg J, Fryer JG, Engstrom I, Karlberg P: Analysis of linear growth using a mathematical model. II. From 3 to 21 years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 337:S12-S29, 1987

16. Karlberg J, Schaefer F, Hennicke M, Wingen AM, Rigden S, Mehls O: Early age-dependent growth impairment in chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 10:283-287, 1996

17. Kari JA, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L: Outcome and growth of infants with severe chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 57:1681-1687, 2000

18. Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Trompeter RS: Long-term enteral nutrition in infants and young children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 13:870-875, 1999

19. Warady BA, Kriley M, Lovell H, Farrell SE, Hellerstein S: Growth and development of infants with end-stage renal disease receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. J Pediatr 112:714-719, 1988

20. Filler G, Reimao SM, Kathiravelu A, Grimmer J, Feber J, Drukker A: Pediatric nephrology patients are overweight: 20 Years' experience in a single Canadian tertiary pediatric nephrology clinic. Int Urol Nephrol 39:1235-1240, 2007

21. Hanevold CD, Ho PL, Talley L, Mitsnefes MM: Obesity and renal transplant outcome: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatrics 115:352-356, 2005

22. Omoloja A, Stolfi A, Mitsnefes M: Pediatric obesity at renal transplantation: A single center experience. Pediatr Transplant 9:770-772, 2005

23. Bandini LG, Cyr H, Must A, Dietz WH: Validity of reported energy intake in preadolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr 65:S1138-S1141, 1997 (suppl 4)

24. Champagne CM, Baker NB, DeLany JP, Harsha DW, Bray GA: Assessment of energy intake underreporting by doubly labeled water and observations on reported nutrient intakes in children. J Am Diet Assoc 98:426-433, 1998

25. Livingstone MB, Robson PJ: Measurement of dietary intake in children. Proc Nutr Soc 59:279-293, 2000

26. Zadik Z, Frishberg Y, Drukker A, et al: Excessive dietary protein and suboptimal caloric intake have a negative effect on the growth of children with chronic renal disease before and during growth hormone therapy. Metabolism 47:264-268, 1998

27. Abitbol CL, Warady BA, Massie MD, et al: Linear growth and anthropometric and nutritional measurements in children with mild to moderate renal insufficiency: A report of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study. J Pediatr 116:S46-S54, 1990

28. Norman LJ, Coleman JE, Macdonald IA, Tomsett AM, Watson AR: Nutrition and growth in relation to severity of renal disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol 15:259-265, 2000

29. Schaefer F, Seidel C, Binding A, et al: Pubertal growth in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res 28:5-10, 1990

30. Schaefer F, Wingen AM, Hennicke M, Rigden S, Mehls O: Growth charts for prepubertal children with chronic renal failure due to congenital renal disorders. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 10:288-293, 1996

31. Donckerwolcke R, Yang WN, Chan JC: Growth failure in children with renal tubular acidosis. Semin Nephrol 9:72-74, 1989

32. Haffner D, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Wuhl E, Tonshoff B, Mehls O: Effect of growth hormone treatment on the adult height of children with chronic renal failure. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. N Engl J Med 343:923-930, 2000

33. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, et al: CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data Report no. 314:1-27, 2000

34. World Health Organization: WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age. Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2006, p 332

35. Tanner JM, Goldstein H, Whitehouse RH: Standards for children's height at ages 2-9 years allowing for heights of parents. Arch Dis Child 45:755-762, 1970

36. Nelson M, Bingham SA: Assessment of food consumption and nutrient intake, in Margetts BM, Nelson M (eds): Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology (ed 2). New York, NY, Oxford University, 1997, pp 123-169

37. Baumgartner RN, Roche AF, Himes JH: Incremental growth tables: Supplementary to previously published charts. Am J Clin Nutr 43:711-722, 1986

38. Foster BJ, Leonard MB: Measuring nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease. Am J Clin Nutr 80:801-814, 2004

39. Roche AF: Anthropometry and ultrasound, in Roche AF, Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG (eds): Human Body Composition. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics, 1996, pp 167-182

40. Michael M, Brewer ED, Goldstein SL: Blood volume monitoring to achieve target weight in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 19:432-437, 2004

41. Hattori K, Hirohara T: Age change of power in weight/height(p) indices used as indicators of adiposity in Japanese. Am J Hum Biol 14:275-279, 2002

42. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al: 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11:1-190, 2002

43. Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA: Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey. BMJ 335:194, 2007

44. World Health Organization: Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, 1995

45. Barlow SE: Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report. Pediatrics 120:S164-S192, 2007 (suppl 4)

46. Leavey SF, Strawderman RL, Jones CA, Port FK, Held PJ: Simple nutritional indicators as independent predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 31:997-1006, 1998

47. Pifer TB, McCullough KP, Port FK, et al: Mortality risk in hemodialysis patients and changes in nutritional indicators: DOPPS. Kidney Int 62:2238-2245, 2002

48. Kaizu Y, Tsunega Y, Yoneyama T, et al: Overweight as another nutritional risk factor for the long-term survival of non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 50:44-50, 1998

49. Wong CS, Gipson DS, Gillen DL, et al: Anthropometric measures and risk of death in children with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 36:811-819, 2000

50. So SK, Chang PN, Najarian JS, Mauer SM, Simmons RL, Nevins TE: Growth and development in infants after renal transplantation. J Pediatr 110:343-350, 1987

51. Warady BA, Belden B, Kohaut E: Neurodevelopmental outcome of children initiating peritoneal dialysis in early infancy. Pediatr Nephrol 13:759-765, 1999

52. World Health Organization: WHO Child Growth Standards: Head Circumference-for-Age, Arm Circumference-for-Age, Triceps Skinfold-for-Age and Subscapular Skinfold-for-Age. Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2007, p 234

53. Grupe WE, Harmon WE, Spinozzi NS: Protein and energy requirements in children receiving chronic hemodialysis. Kidney Int Suppl 15:S6-S10, 1983

54. Gotch FA, Sargent JA: A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 28:526-534, 1985

55. Goldstein SL: Hemodialysis in the pediatric patient: State of the art. Adv Ren Replace Ther 8:173-179, 2001

56. Borah MF, Schoenfeld PY, Gotch FA, Sargent JA, Wolfsen M, Humphreys MH: Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia. Kidney Int 14:491-500, 1978

57. Depner TA, Cheer A: Modeling urea kinetics with two vs. three BUN measurements. A critical comparison. ASAIO Trans 35:499-502, 1989

58. Goldstein SL, Baronette S, Gambrell TV, Currier H, Brewer ED: nPCR assessment and IDPN treatment of malnutrition in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 17:531-534, 2002

59. Orellana P, Juarez-Congelosi M, Goldstein SL: Intradialytic parenteral nutrition treatment and biochemical marker assessment for malnutrition in adolescent maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 15:312-317, 2005

60. Juarez-Congelosi M, Orellana P, Goldstein SL: Normalized protein catabolic rate versus serum albumin as a nutrition status marker in pediatric patients receiving hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 17:269-274, 2007

61. Goldstein SL: Prescribing and monitoring hemodialysis, in Warady BA, Schaefer FR, Fine RN, Alexander SR (eds): Pediatric Dialysis. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer, 2004, pp 135-146

62. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S1-S140, 2000 (suppl 2)

63. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for 2006 updates: hemodialysis adequacy, peritoneal dialysis adequacy, and vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 48:S1-S322, 2006 (suppl 1)

64. Kopple JD, Jones MR, Keshaviah PR, et al: A proposed glossary for dialysis kinetics. Am J Kidney Dis 26:963-981, 1995

65. Mendley SR, Majkowski NL: Urea and nitrogen excretion in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 58:2564-2570, 2000

66. Edefonti A, Picca M, Damiani B, et al: Models to assess nitrogen losses in pediatric patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 15:25-30, 2000

67. Lowrie EG, Lew NL: Death risk in hemodialysis patients: The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 15:458-482, 1990

68. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Divino-Filho JC, et al: Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:S28-S36, 2002 (suppl 1)

69. Stenvinkel P, Barany P, Chung SH, Lindholm B, Heimburger O: A comparative analysis of nutritional parameters as predictors of outcome in male and female ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1266-1274, 2002

70. Wong CS, Hingorani S, Gillen DL, et al: Hypoalbuminemia and risk of death in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 61:630-637, 2002

71. Bergstrom J, Lindholm B: Malnutrition, cardiac disease, and mortality: An integrated point of view. Am J Kidney Dis 32:834-841, 1998

72. Graf L, Candelaria S, Doyle M, Kaskel F: Nutrition assessment and hormonal influences on body composition in children with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14:215-223, 2007

73. Jones CH, Wells L, Stoves J, Farquhar F, Woodrow G: Can a reduction in extracellular fluid volume result in increased serum albumin in peritoneal dialysis patients? Am J Kidney Dis 39:872-875, 2002

74. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD: Relative contributions of nutrition and inflammation to clinical outcome in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:1343-1350, 2001

75. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Block G, Humphreys MH: A malnutrition-inflammation score is correlated with morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38:1251-1263, 2001

76. Kaysen GA: Malnutrition and the acute-phase reaction in dialysis patients—How to measure and how to distinguish. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1521-1524, 2000

77. Yeun JY, Levine RA, Mantadilok V, Kaysen GA: C-Reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 35:469-476, 2000

78. Wang J, Thornton JC, Kolesnik S, Pierson RN Jr: Anthropometry in body composition. An overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:317-326, 2000

79. Zivicnjak M, Franke D, Ehrich JH, Filler G: Does growth hormone therapy harmonize distorted morphology and body composition in chronic renal failure? Pediatr Nephrol 15:229-235, 2000

80. Rayner HC, Stroud DB, Salamon KM, et al: Anthropometry underestimates body protein depletion in haemodialysis patients. Nephron 59:33-40, 1991

81. Pietrobelli A, Formica C, Wang Z, Heymsfield SB: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: Review of physical concepts. Am J Physiol 271:E941-E951, 1996

82. Boot AM, Nauta J, de Jong MC, et al: Bone mineral density, bone metabolism and body composition of children with chronic renal failure, with and without growth hormone treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 49:665-672, 1998

83. Cochat P, Braillon P, Feber J, et al: Body composition in children with renal disease: Use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pediatr Nephrol 10:264-268, 1996

84. Dumler F: Use of bioelectric impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for monitoring the nutritional status of dialysis patients. ASAIO J 43:256-260, 1997

85. O'Sullivan AJ, Lawson JA, Chan M, Kelly JJ: Body composition and energy metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 39:369-375, 2002

86. Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Turney JH, Tompkins L, Brownjohn AM, Smith MA: Whole body and regional body composition in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1613-1618, 1996

87. Schoeller DA: Bioelectrical impedance analysis. What does it measure? Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:159-162, 2000

88. Bradbury MG, Smye SW, Brocklebank JT: Assessment of the sensitivity of bioimpedance to volume changes in body water. Pediatr Nephrol 9:337-340, 1995

89. Dietel T, Filler G, Grenda R, Wolfish N: Bioimpedance and inferior vena cava diameter for assessment of dialysis dry weight. Pediatr Nephrol 14:903-907, 2000

90. Ellis KJ, Shypailo RJ, Wong WW: Measurement of body water by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in a multiethnic pediatric population. Am J Clin Nutr 70:847-853, 1999

91. Smye SW, Norwood HM, Buur T, Bradbury M, Brocklebank JT: Comparison of extra-cellular fluid volume measurement in children by 99Tcm-DPTA clearance and multi-frequency impedance techniques. Physiol Meas 15:251-260, 1994

92. Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Heymsfield SB, et al: Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 77:331-340, 2003

93. Wuhl E, Fusch C, Scharer K, Mehls O, Schaefer F: Assessment of total body water in paediatric patients on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:75-80, 1996

94. Baumgartner RN, Chumlea WC, Roche AF: Bioelectric impedance phase angle and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 48:16-23, 1988

95. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Lew NL, Ma L, Lowrie EG: Bioimpedance norms for the hemodialysis population. Kidney Int 52:1617-1621, 1997

96. Nagano M, Suita S, Yamanouchi T: The validity of bioelectrical impedance phase angle for nutritional assessment in children. J Pediatr Surg 35:1035-1039, 2000

97. De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Matthie J, Withers P: Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods: A technological review. J Appl Physiol 82:1542-1558, 1997

98. Fenech M, Maasrani M, Jaffrin MY: Fluid volumes determination by impedance spectroscopy and hematocrit monitoring: Application to pediatric hemodialysis. Artif Organs 25:89-98, 2001

99. Zhu F, Schneditz D, Wang E, Martin K, Morris AT, Levin NW: Validation of changes in extracellular volume measured during hemodialysis using a segmental bioimpedance technique. ASAIO J 44:M541-M545, 1998

100. Chamney PW, Kramer M, Rode C, Kleinekofort W, Wizemann V: A new technique for establishing dry weight in hemodialysis patients via whole body bioimpedance. Kidney Int 61:2250-2258, 2002

101. Zhu F, Kuhlmann MK, Sarkar S, et al: Adjustment of dry weight in hemodialysis patients using intradialytic continuous multifrequency bioimpedance of the calf. Int J Artif Organs 27:104-109, 2004

102. Edefonti A, Picca M, Damiani B, et al: Prevalence of malnutrition assessed by bioimpedance analysis and anthropometry in children on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 21:172-179, 2001

103. Edefonti A, Picca M, Paglialonga F, et al: A novel objective nutritional score for children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 22:602-607, 2002

104. Steiber AL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Secker D, McCarthy M, Sehgal A, McCann L: Subjective Global Assessment in chronic kidney disease: A review. J Ren Nutr 14:191-200, 2004

105. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP, et al: What is Subjective Global Assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 11:8-13, 1987

106. Detsky AS, Smalley PS, Chang J: The rational clinical examination. Is this patient malnourished? JAMA 271:54-58, 1994

107. Secker DJ, Jeejeebhoy KN: Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment for children. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1083-1089, 2007

108. Dietitians of Canada CPS, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, and Community Health Nurses Association of Canada: The use of growth charts for assessing and monitoring growth in Canadian infants and children. Paedr Child Health 9:171-180, 2004

109. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine and Bright Futures Steering Committee: Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care. Pediatrics 120:1376, 2007

110. Geary DF, Chait PG: Tube feeding in infants on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 16:S517-S520, 1996 (suppl 1)

111. Parekh RS, Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, et al: Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2418-2426, 2001

112. Mahan JD, Warady BA: Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A consensus statement. Pediatr Nephrol 21:917-930, 2006

113. Kaskel F: Chronic renal disease: A growing problem. Kidney Int 64:1141-1151, 2003

114. Betts PR, Magrath G, White RH: Role of dietary energy supplementation in growth of children with chronic renal insufficiency. Br Med J 1:416-418, 1977

115. Greenbaum LA, Del Rio M, Bamgbola F, Kaskel F: Rationale for growth hormone therapy in children with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 11:377-386, 2004

116. Wingen AM, Mehls O: Nutrition in children with preterminal chronic renal failure. Myth or important therapeutic aid? Pediatr Nephrol 17:111-120, 2002

117. Warady BA, Fischbach M, Geary D, Goldstein SL: Frequent hemodialysis in children. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14:297-303, 2007

118. Kuizon BD, Salusky IB: Growth retardation in children with chronic renal failure. J Bone Miner Res 14:1680-1690, 1999

119. Rodriguez-Soriano J, Arant BS, Brodehl J, Norman ME: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances in children with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 7:268-274, 1986

120. Van Dyck M, Bilem N, Proesmans W: Conservative treatment for chronic renal failure from birth: A 3-year follow-up study. Pediatr Nephrol 13:865-869, 1999

121. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in children with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 46: S1-S122, 2005 (suppl 1)

122. Tonshoff B, Mehls O: Interaction between glucocorticoids and the somatotrophic axis. Acta Paediatr Suppl 417:S72-S75, 1996

123. Mehls O, Wuhl E, Tonshoff B, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Haffner D: Growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney disease. Acta Paediatr 97:1159-1164, 2008

124. Brungger M, Hulter HN, Krapf R: Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on thyroid hormone homeostasis in humans. Am J Physiol 272:F648-F653, 1997

125. Brungger M, Hulter HN, Krapf R: Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on the growth hormone/IGF-1 endocrine axis: New cause of growth hormone insensitivity in humans. Kidney Int 51:216-221, 1997

126. Challa A, Krieg RJ Jr, Thabet MA, Veldhuis JD, Chan JC: Metabolic acidosis inhibits growth hormone secretion in rats: Mechanism of growth retardation. Am J Physiol 265:E547-E553, 1993

127. Challa A, Chan W, Krieg RJ Jr, et al: Effect of metabolic acidosis on the expression of insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone receptor. Kidney Int 44:1224-1227, 1993

128. Hanna JD, Santos F, Foreman JW, Chan JC, Han VK: Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in the tibial epiphyseal growth plate of growth hormone-treated uremic rats. Kidney Int 47:1374-1382, 1995

129. Boirie Y, Broyer M, Gagnadoux MF, Niaudet P, Bresson JL: Alterations of protein metabolism by metabolic acidosis in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 58:236-241, 2000

130. Maniar S, Laouari D, Caldas A, Kleinknecht C: Protein synthesis and growth in uremic rats with and without chronic metabolic acidosis. Miner Electrolyte Metab 18:250-252, 1992

131. Bushinsky DA, Frick KK: The effects of acid on bone. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9:369-379, 2000

132. Bushinsky DA, Goldring JM, Coe FL: Cellular contribution to pH-mediated calcium flux in neonatal mouse calvariae. Am J Physiol 248:F785-F789, 1985

133. Eustace JA, Astor B, Muntner PM, Ikizler TA, Coresh J: Prevalence of acidosis and inflammation and their association with low serum albumin in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 65:1031-1040, 2004

134. Caldas A, Broyer M, Dechaux M, Kleinknecht C: Primary distal tubular acidosis in childhood: Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 28 patients. J Pediatr 121:233-241, 1992

135. McSherry E, Morris RC Jr: Attainment and maintenance of normal stature with alkali therapy in infants and children with classic renal tubular acidosis. J Clin Invest 61:509-527, 1978

136. Kaiser BA, Polinsky MS, Stover J, Morgenstern BZ, Baluarte HJ: Growth of children following the initiation of dialysis: A comparison of three dialysis modalities. Pediatr Nephrol 8:733-738, 1994

137. Mahesh S, Kaskel F: Growth hormone axis in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 23:41-48, 2008

138. Blum WF, Ranke MB, Kietzmann K, Tonshoff B, Mehls O: Growth hormone resistance and inhibition of somatomedin activity by excess of insulin-like growth factor binding protein in uraemia. Pediatr Nephrol 5:539-544, 1991

139. Schaefer F, Chen Y, Tsao T, Nouri P, Rabkin R: Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest 108:467-475, 2001

140. Tonshoff B, Cronin MJ, Reichert M, et al: Reduced concentration of serum growth hormone (GH)-binding protein in children with chronic renal failure: Correlation with GH insensitivity. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1007-1013, 1997

141. Tonshoff B, Kiepe D, Ciarmatori S: Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 20:279-289, 2005

142. Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC, Cowell C, Knight JF: Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD003264.pub003262, 2006

143. Nissel R, Lindberg A, Mehls O, Haffner D: Factors predicting the near-final height in growth hormone-treated children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1359-1365, 2008

144. Berard E, Andre JL, Guest G, et al: Long-term results of rhGH treatment in children with renal failure: Experience of the French Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 23:2031-2038, 2008

145. Hokken-Koelega A, Mulder P, De Jong R, Lilien M, Donckerwolcke R, Groothof J: Long-term effects of growth hormone treatment on growth and puberty in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Pediatr Nephrol 14:701-706, 2000

146. Seikaly MG, Salhab N, Gipson D, Yiu V, Stablein D: Stature in children with chronic kidney disease: Analysis of NAPRTCS database. Pediatr Nephrol 21:793-799, 2006

147. Fine RN, Stablein D, Cohen AH, Tejani A, Kohaut E: Recombinant human growth hormone post-renal transplantation in children: A randomized controlled study of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int 62:688-696, 2002

148. Greenbaum LA, Hidalgo G, Chand D, et al: Obstacles to the prescribing of growth hormone in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 23:1531-1535, 2008

149. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S, et al: Intensified and daily hemodialysis in children might improve statural growth. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1746-1752, 2006

150. Tom A, McCauley L, Bell L, et al: Growth during maintenance hemodialysis: Impact of enhanced nutrition and clearance. J Pediatr 134:464-471, 1999

151. Canepa A, Perfumo F, Carrea A, et al: Protein and calorie intake, nitrogen losses, and nitrogen balance in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 12:326-329, 1996

152. Edefonti A, Picca M, Damiani B, et al: Dietary prescription based on estimated nitrogen balance during peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 13:253-258, 1999

153. Orejas G, Santos F, Malaga S, Rey C, Cobo A, Simarro M: Nutritional status of children with moderate chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 9:52-56, 1995

154. Coleman JE, Watson AR, Rance CH, Moore E: Gastrostomy buttons for nutritional support on chronic dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:2041-2046, 1998

155. Ledermann SE, Spitz L, Moloney J, Rees L, Trompeter RS: Gastrostomy feeding in infants and children on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 17:246-250, 2002

156. Norman LJ, Macdonald IA, Watson AR: Optimising nutrition in chronic renal insufficiency—Growth. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1245-1252, 2004

157. Koehler S, Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M: Measuring the effects of nutritional counseling on total infant diet in a randomized controlled intervention trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45:106-113, 2007

158. Obarzanek E, Kimm SY, Barton BA, et al: Long-term safety and efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Seven-year results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Pediatrics 107:256-264, 2001

159. Santos I, Victora CG, Martines J, et al: Nutrition counseling increases weight gain among Brazilian children. J Nutr 131:2866-2873, 2001

160. Campbell KL, Ash S, Davies PS, Bauer JD: Randomized controlled trial of nutritional counseling on body composition and dietary intake in severe CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 51:748-758, 2008

161. Burrowes JD: Incorporating ethnic and cultural food preferences in the renal diet. Adv Ren Replace Ther 11:97-104, 2004

162. Coyne T, Olson M, Bradham K, Garcon M, Gregory P, Scherch L: Dietary satisfaction correlated with adherence in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Diet Assoc 95:1301-1306, 1995

163. Morales Lopez C, Burrowes JD, Gizis F, Brommage D: Dietary adherence in Hispanic patients receiving hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 17:138-147, 2007

164. Coleman JE, Norman LJ, Watson AR: Provision of dietetic care in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Ren Nutr 9:145-148, 1999

165. Norman LJ, Macdonald IA, Watson AR: Optimising nutrition in chronic renal insufficiency—Progression of disease. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1253-1261, 2004

166. Levey AS, Adler S, Caggiula AW, et al: Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis 27:652-663, 1996

167. Dolecek TA, Olson MB, Caggiula AW, et al: Registered dietitian time requirements in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Diet Assoc 95:1307-1312, 1995

168. Dello Strologo L, Principato F, Sinibaldi D, et al: Feeding dysfunction in infants with severe chronic renal failure after long-term nasogastric tube feeding. Pediatr Nephrol 11:84-86, 1997

169. Pugh P, Watson AR: Transition from gastrostomy to oral feeding following renal transplantation. Adv Perit Dial 22:153-157, 2006

170. Magrab PR, Papadopoulou ZL: The effect of a token economy on dietary compliance for children on hemodialysis. J Appl Behav Anal 10:573-578, 1977

171. Harvey E, Secker D, Braj B, Picone G, Balfe JW: The team approach to the management of children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Ren Replace Ther 3:3-13, 1996

172. Hodson E: Evaluation and management of nutrition in children. Nephrology 10:S215-S217, 2005 (suppl 5)

173. Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR, et al: Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 114:2710-2738, 2006

174. Marques de Aquino T, Avesani CM, Brasileiro RS, de Abreu Carvalhaes JT: Resting energy expenditure of children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 18:312-319, 2008

175. Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC, National Academies, 2002

176. Mitsnefes MM, Khoury P, McEnery PT: Body mass index and allograft function in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 17:535-539, 2002

177. Bodnar DM, Busch S, Fuchs J, Piedmonte M, Schreiber M: Estimating glucose absorption in peritoneal dialysis using peritoneal equilibration tests. Adv Perit Dial 9:114-118, 1993

178. Grodstein GP, Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD, Moran JK, Coburn JW: Glucose absorption during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 19:564-567, 1981

179. Butte NF, Wong WW, Hopkinson JM, Heinz CJ, Mehta NR, Smith EO: Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1558-1569, 2000

180. Furth SL, Stablein D, Fine RN, Powe NR, Fivush BA: Adverse clinical outcomes associated with short stature at dialysis initiation: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatrics 109:909-913, 2002

181. Daschner M, Tonshoff B, Blum WF, et al: Inappropriate elevation of serum leptin levels in children with chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1074-1079, 1998

182. Mak RH, Cheung W, Cone RD, Marks DL: Leptin and inflammation-associated cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 69:794-797, 2006

183. Ruley EJ, Bock GH, Kerzner B, Abbott AW, Majd M, Chatoor I: Feeding disorders and gastroesophageal reflux in infants with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 3:424-429, 1989

184. Ravelli AM, Ledermann SE, Bisset WM, Trompeter RS, Barratt TM, Milla PJ: Foregut motor function in chronic renal failure. Arch Dis Child 67:1343-1347, 1992

185. Orenstein SR, McGowan JD: Efficacy of conservative therapy as taught in the primary care setting for symptoms suggesting infant gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 152:310-314, 2008

186. Rudolph CD, Mazur LJ, Liptak GS, et al: Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32:S1-31, 2001 (suppl 2)

187. Ellis EN, Yiu V, Harley F, et al: The impact of supplemental feeding in young children on dialysis: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatr Nephrol 16:404-408, 2001

188. Ledermann SE, Scanes ME, Fernando ON, Duffy PG, Madden SJ, Trompeter RS: Long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis in infants. J Pediatr 136:24-29, 2000

189. Ramage IJ, Geary DF, Harvey E, Secker DJ, Balfe JA, Balfe JW: Efficacy of gastrostomy feeding in infants and older children receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 19:231-236, 1999

190. Warady BA, Kriley M, Belden B, Hellerstein S, Alan U: Nutritional and behavioural aspects of nasogastric tube feeding in infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 6:265-268, 1990

191. Ledermann S: When should gastrostomy tubes be removed following successful renal transplantation? Pediatr Transplant 9:553-554, 2005

192. Chang PF, Ni YH, Chang MH: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy to set up a long-term enteral feeding route in children: An encouraging result. Pediatr Surg Int 19:283-285, 2003

193. Davies BW, Watson AR, Coleman JE, Rance CH: Do gastrostomies close spontaneously? A review of the fate of gastrostomies following successful renal transplantation in children. Pediatr Surg Int 17:326-328, 2001

194. Warady BA, Bashir M, Donaldson LA: Fungal peritonitis in children receiving peritoneal dialysis: A report of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int 58:384-389, 2000

195. Ramage IJ, Harvey E, Geary DF, Hebert D, Balfe JA, Balfe JW: Complications of gastrostomy feeding in children receiving peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 13:249-252, 1999

196. von Schnakenburg C, Feneberg R, Plank C, et al: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 26:69-77, 2006

197. Galland R, Traeger J, Arkouche W, Cleaud C, Delawari E, Fouque D: Short daily hemodialysis rapidly improves nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 60:1555-1560, 2001

198. Boccanfuso JA, Hutton M, McAllister B: The effects of megestrol acetate on nutritional parameters in a dialysis population. J Ren Nutr 10:36-43, 2000

199. Rammohan M, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Liang A, Ghossein C: Megestrol acetate in a moderate dose for the treatment of malnutrition-inflammation complex in maintenance dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 15:345-355, 2005

200. Davenport A: Intradialytic complications during hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 10:162-167, 2006

201. Sherman RA, Torres F, Cody RP: Postprandial blood pressure changes during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 12:37-39, 1988

202. Strong J, Burgett M, Buss ML, Carver M, Kwankin S, Walker D: Effects of calorie and fluid intake on adverse events during hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 11:97-100, 2001

203. Veeneman JM, Kingma HA, Boer TS, et al: Protein intake during hemodialysis maintains a positive whole body protein balance in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E954-E965, 2003

204. Barakat MM, Nawab ZM, Yu AW, Lau AH, Ing TS, Daugirdas JT: Hemodynamic effects of intradialytic food ingestion and the effects of caffeine. J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1813-1818, 1993

205. Shibagaki Y, Takaichi K: Significant reduction of the large-vessel blood volume by food intake during hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 49:49-54, 1998

206. Sivalingam M, Banerjee A, Nevett G, Farrington K: Haemodynamic effects of food intake during haemodialysis. Blood Purif 26:157-162, 2008

207. Caglar K, Fedje L, Dimmitt R, Hakim RM, Shyr Y, Ikizler TA: Therapeutic effects of oral nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 62:1054-1059, 2002

208. Benaroia M, Iliescu EA: Oral intake during hemodialysis: Is there an association with intradialytic hypotension? Hemodial Int 12:62-65, 2008

209. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD: Reverse epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int 63:793-808, 2003

210. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Block G, McAllister CJ, Humphreys MH, Kopple JD: Appetite and inflammation, nutrition, anemia, and clinical outcome in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 80:299-307, 2004

211. Simoni JM, Asarnow JR, Munford PR, Koprowski CM, Belin TR, Salusky IB: Psychological distress and treatment adherence among children on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 11:604-606, 1997

212. Brownbridge G, Fielding DM: Psychosocial adjustment and adherence to dialysis treatment regimes. Pediatr Nephrol 8:744-749, 1994

213. Gerson A, Hwang W, Fiorenza J, et al: Anemia and health-related quality of life in adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 44:1017-1023, 2004

214. Goldstein SL, Gerson AC, Goldman CW, Furth S: Quality of life for children with chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 26:114-117, 2006

215. Goldstein SL, Graham N, Burwinkle T, Warady B, Farrah R, Varni JW: Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with ESRD. Pediatr Nephrol 21:846-850, 2006

216. Krause I, Shamir R, Davidovits M, et al: Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in malnourished children treated with hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 12:55-59, 2002

217. Cano NJ, Fouque D, Roth H, et al: Intradialytic parenteral nutrition does not improve survival in malnourished hemodialysis patients: A 2-year multicenter, prospective, randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2583-2591, 2007

218. Foulks CJ: An evidence-based evaluation of intradialytic parenteral nutrition. Am J Kidney Dis 33:186-192, 1999

219. Moore E, Celano J: Challenges of providing nutrition support in the outpatient dialysis setting. Nutr Clin Pract 20:202-212, 2005

220. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:S1-S153, 2005 (suppl 3)

221. Filler G, Payne RP, Orrbine E, Clifford T, Drukker A, McLaine PN: Changing trends in the referral patterns of pediatric nephrology patients. Pediatr Nephrol 20:603-608, 2005

222. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266, 2002 (suppl 1)

223. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for management of dyslipidemias in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S1-S91, 2003 (suppl 3)

224. Querfeld U, Salusky IB, Nelson P, Foley J, Fine RN: Hyperlipidemia in pediatric patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2:447-452, 1988

225. Saland JM, Ginsberg HN: Lipoprotein metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1095-1112, 2007

226. Querfeld U: Disturbances of lipid metabolism in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 7:749-757, 1993

227. Saland JM, Ginsberg H, Fisher EA: Dyslipidemia in pediatric renal disease: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Curr Opin Pediatr 14:197-204, 2002

228. Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL: Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 81:7B-12B, 1998

229. Hokanson JE, Austin MA: Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: A meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 3:213-219, 1996

230. Sprecher DL, Stevens M: Triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol in pediatric patients. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 17:151-158, 2003

231. Tirosh A, Rudich A, Shochat T, et al: Changes in triglyceride levels and risk for coronary heart disease in young men. Ann Intern Med 147:377-385, 2007

232. Yuan G, Al-Shali KZ, Hegele RA: Hypertriglyceridemia: Its etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ 176:1113-1120, 2007

233. Abrass CK: Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 24:46-53, 2004

234. Crook ED, Thallapureddy A, Migdal S, et al: Lipid abnormalities and renal disease: Is dyslipidemia a predictor of progression of renal disease? Am J Med Sci 325:340-348, 2003

235. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL: Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: A meta-analysis. Kidney Int 59:260-269, 2001

236. Spinozzi NS, Nelson PA: Nutrition support in the newborn intensive care unit. J Ren Nutr 1996:188-197, 1996

237. Kari JA, Shaw V, Vallance DT, Rees L: Effect of enteral feeding on lipid subfractions in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 12:401-404, 1998

238. American Academy of Pediatrics National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 89:525-584, 1992

239. Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, et al: Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: A guide for practitioners: Consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 112:2061-2075, 2005

240. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Barton BA, McMahon RP, et al: Effects of diet and sexual maturation on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol during puberty: The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Circulation 96:2526-2533, 1997

241. Niinikoski H, Lapinleimu H, Viikari J, et al: Growth until 3 years of age in a prospective, randomized trial of a diet with reduced saturated fat and cholesterol. Pediatrics 99:687-694, 1997

242. Skinner AC, Mayer ML, Flower K, Weinberger M: Health status and health care expenditures in a nationally representative sample: How do overweight and healthy-weight children compare? Pediatrics 121:e269-e277, 2008

243. Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 189:19-30, 2006

244. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, et al: n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84:5-17, 2006

245. Balk E, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) Report no. 93:1-6, 2004

246. McKenney JM, Sica D: Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 64:595-605, 2007

247. Rylance PB, Gordge MP, Saynor R, Parsons V, Weston MJ: Fish oil modifies lipids and reduces platelet aggregability in haemodialysis patients. Nephron 43:196-202, 1986

248. Svensson M, Christensen JH, Solling J, Schmidt EB: The effect of n-3 fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and blood pressure in patients with CRF. Am J Kidney Dis 44:77-83, 2004

249. Agostoni C, Riva E, Biasucci G, et al: The effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and fatty acids of treated phenylketonuric children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 53:401-404, 1995

250. Ilowite NT, Copperman N, Leicht T, Kwong T, Jacobson MS: Effects of dietary modification and fish oil supplementation on dyslipoproteinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 22:1347-1351, 1995

251. Goren A, Stankiewicz H, Goldstein R, Drukker A: Fish oil treatment of hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents receiving renal replacement therapy. Pediatrics 88:265-268, 1991

252. Hogg RJ, Lee J, Nardelli N, et al: Clinical trial to evaluate omega-3 fatty acids and alternate day prednisone in patients with IgA nephropathy: Report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1:467-474, 2006

253. Oomen CM, Feskens EJM, Räsänen L, et al: Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands. Am J Epidemiol 151:999-1006, 2000

254. Friedman AN, Moe SM, Perkins SM, Li Y, Watkins BA: Fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid status and determinants in long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 47:1064-1071, 2006

255. Ratsch IM, Catassi C, Verrina E, et al: Energy and nutrient intake of patients with mild-to-moderate chronic renal failure compared with healthy children: An Italian multicentre study. Eur J Pediatr 151:701-705, 1992

256. Wingen AM, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O: Randomised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children. European Study Group of Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Lancet 349:1117-1123, 1997

257. Kopple JD, Levey AS, Greene T, et al: Effect of dietary protein restriction on nutritional status in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 52:778-791, 1997

258. Chaturvedi S, Jones C: Protein restriction for children with chronic renal failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD006863, 2007

259. Krenitsky J: Adjusted body weight, pro: Evidence to support the use of adjusted body weight in calculating calorie requirements. Nutr Clin Pract 20:468-473, 2005

260. Lim VS, Ikizler TA, Raj DS, Flanigan MJ: Does hemodialysis increase protein breakdown? Dissociation between whole-body amino acid turnover and regional muscle kinetics. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:862-868, 2005

261. Acchiardo SR, Moore LW, Latour PA: Malnutrition as the main factor in morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 16:S199-S203, 1983

262. Hakim RM, Breyer J, Ismail N, Schulman G: Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 23:661-669, 1994

263. Bergstrom J, Furst P, Alvestrand A, Lindholm B: Protein and energy intake, nitrogen balance and nitrogen losses in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 44:1048-1057, 1993

264. Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD, Moran JK, Coburn JW: Metabolic balance studies and dietary protein requirements in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 21:849-861, 1982

265. Buchwald R, Pena JC: Evaluation of nutritional status in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Perit Dial Int 9:295-301, 1989

266. Ginn HE, Frost A, Lacy WW: Nitrogen balance in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 21:385-393, 1968

267. Giordano C, De Santo NG, Pluvio M, et al: Protein requirement of patients on CAPD: A study on nitrogen balance. Int J Artif Organs 3:11-14, 1980

268. Kopple JD, Shinaberger JH, Coburn JW, Sorensen MK, Rubini ME: Optimal dietary protein treatment during chronic hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 15:302-308, 1969

269. Mandolfo S, Zucchi A, Cavalieri D'Oro L, Corradi B, Imbasciati E: Protein nitrogen appearance in CAPD patients: What is the best formula? Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1592-1596, 1996

270. von Baeyer H, Gahl GM, Riedinger H, Borowzak B, Kessel M: Nutritional behaviour of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 18:193-198, 1981

271. Misra M, Ashworth J, Reaveley DA, Muller B, Brown EA: Nutritional effects of amino acid dialysate (Nutrineal) in CAPD patients. Adv Perit Dial 12:311-314, 1996

272. Canepa A, Perfumo F, Carrea A, et al: Long-term effect of amino-acid dialysis solution in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 5:215-219, 1991

273. Canepa A, Perfumo F, Carrea A, et al: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) of children with amino acid solutions: Technical and metabolic aspects. Perit Dial Int 10:215-220, 1990

274. Hanning RM, Balfe JW, Zlotkin SH: Effectiveness and nutritional consequences of amino acid-based vs glucose-based dialysis solutions in infants and children receiving CAPD. Am J Clin Nutr 46:22-30, 1987

275. Qamar IU, Levin L, Balfe JW, Balfe JA, Secker D, Zlotkin S: Effects of 3-month amino acid dialysis compared to dextrose dialysis in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 14:34-41, 1994

276. Qamar IU, Secker D, Levin L, Balfe JA, Zlotkin S, Balfe JW: Effects of amino acid dialysis compared to dextrose dialysis in children on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 19:237-247, 1999

277. Azocar MA, Cano FJ, Marin V, Delucchi MA, Rodriguez EE: Body composition in children on peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 20:231-236, 2004

278. Civilibal M, Caliskan S, Adaletli I, et al: Coronary artery calcifications in children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1426-1433, 2006

279. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al: Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 342:1478-1483, 2000

280. Litwin M, Wuhl E, Jourdan C, et al: Evolution of large-vessel arteriopathy in paediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:2552-2557, 2008

281. Litwin M, Wuhl E, Jourdan C, et al: Altered morphologic properties of large arteries in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1494-1500, 2005

282. Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, et al: Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 106:100-105, 2002

283. London GM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Metivier F, Pannier B, Adda H: Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:1731-1740, 2003

284. Siirtola A, Virtanen SM, Ala-Houhala M, et al: Diet does not explain the high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 23:297-305, 2008

285. Boaz M, Smetana S: Regression equation predicts dietary phosphorus intake from estimate of dietary protein intake. J Am Diet Assoc 96:1268-1270, 1996

286. Sedlacek M, Dimaano F, Uribarri J: Relationship between phosphorus and creatinine clearance in peritoneal dialysis: Clinical implications. Am J Kidney Dis 36:1020-1024, 2000

287. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK: Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study. Am J Kidney Dis 31:607-617, 1998

288. Uribarri J: The obsession with high dietary protein intake in ESRD patients on dialysis: Is it justified? Nephron 86:105-108, 2000

289. Uribarri J: Phosphorus homeostasis in normal health and in chronic kidney disease patients with special emphasis on dietary phosphorus intake. Semin Dial 20:295-301, 2007

290. Karp HJ, Vaihia KP, Karkkainen MU, Niemisto MJ, Lamberg-Allardt CJ: Acute effects of different phosphorus sources on calcium and bone metabolism in young women: A whole-foods approach. Calcif Tissue Int 80:251-258, 2007

291. American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets in Renal Disease. Vegetarian Nutrition Update. Chicago, IL, Vegetarian Nutrition DPG, American Dietetic Association, 1998

292. Quan A, Baum M: Protein losses in children on continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 10:728-731, 1996

293. Wolfson M, Jones MR, Kopple JD: Amino acid losses during hemodialysis with infusion of amino acids and glucose. Kidney Int 21:500-506, 1982

293a. Chazot C, Shahmir E, Matias B, Laidlaw S, Kopple J: Dialytic nutrition: provision of amino acids in dialysate during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 52:1663-1670, 1997

293b. Ikizler T, Flakoll P, Parker R, Hakim R: Amino acid and albumin losses during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 46:830-837, 1994

294. Kooienga L: Phosphorus balance with daily dialysis. Semin Dial 20:342-345, 2007

295. Canepa A, Carrea A, Menoni S, et al: Acute effects of simultaneous intraperitoneal infusion of glucose and amino acids. Kidney Int 59:1967-1973, 2001

296. Tjiong HL, Rietveld T, Wattimena JL, et al: Peritoneal dialysis with solutions containing amino acids plus glucose promotes protein synthesis during oral feeding. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:74-80, 2007

297. Tjiong HL, van den Berg JW, Wattimena JL, et al: Dialysate as food: combined amino acid and glucose dialysate improves protein anabolism in renal failure patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1486-1493, 2005

298. Kleinman RE: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Elk Grove, IL, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004

299. Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD (eds): Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC, National Academies, 2006

300. Kriley M, Warady BA: Vitamin status of pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 53:1476-1479, 1991

301. Pereira AM, Hamani N, Nogueira PC, Carvalhaes JT: Oral vitamin intake in children receiving long-term dialysis. J Ren Nutr 10:24-29, 2000

302. Rees L, Shaw V: Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1689-1702, 2007

303. Warady BA, Kriley M, Alon U, Hellerstein S: Vitamin status of infants receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 8:354-356, 1994

304. Coleman JE, Watson AR: Micronutrient supplementation in children on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Adv Perit Dial 8:396-401, 1992

305. Coleman JE, Watson AR, Chowdhury S, Thurlby D, Wardell J: Comparison of two micronutrient supplements in children with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr 12:244-247, 2002

306. Filler G: The DOQI pediatric nutritional guidelines—Critical remarks. Perit Dial Int 21:S192-S194, 2001 (suppl 3)

307. Kopple JD, Dirige OV, Jacob M, Wang M, Swendseid ME: Transketolase activity in red blood cells in chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 18:250-256, 266, 1972

308. Chazot C, Kopple JD: Vitamin metabolism and requirements in renal disease and renal failure, in Kopple JD, Massry SG (eds): Kopple and Massry's Nutritional Management of Renal Disease (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003, pp 415-478

309. Fouque D, Vennegoor M, ter Wee P, et al: EBPG guideline on nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:Sii45-Sii87, 2007 (suppl 2)

310. Laschi-Loquerie A, Vallas S, Viollet J, Leclercq M, Fayol V: High performance liquid chromatographic determination of total thiamine in biological and food products. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 62:248-251, 1992

311. Lynch PL, Young IS: Determination of thiamine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 881:267-284, 2000

312. Vuilleumier JP, Keller HE, Rettenmaier R, Hunziker F: Clinical chemical methods for the routine assessment of the vitamin status in human populations. Part II: The water-soluble vitamins B1, B2 and B6. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 53:359-370, 1983

313. Gentile MG, Manna GM, D'Amico G, Testolin G, Porrini M, Simonetti P: Vitamin nutrition in patients with chronic renal failure and dietary manipulation. Contrib Nephrol 65:43-50, 1988

314. Kopple JD, Swendseid ME: Vitamin nutrition in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int Suppl:S79-S84, 1975

315. DeBari VA, Frank O, Baker H, Needle MA: Water soluble vitamins in granulocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma obtained from chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 39:410-415, 1984

316. Mackenzie J, Ford J, Waters A, Harding N, Cattell W, Anderson B: Erythropoiesis in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment (R.D.T.) without transfusion. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 5:172-178, 1968

317. Sterzel RB, Semar M, Lonergan ET, Treser G, Lange K: Relationship of nervous tissue transketolase to the neuropathy in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest 50:2295-2304, 1971

318. Stockberger R, Parrott K, Alexander S, Miller L, Leklem J, Jenkins R: Vitamin B-6 status of children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nutr Res 7:1021-1030, 1987

319. Coleman JE, Edefonti A, Watson AR: Guidelines by an ad hoc European committee on the assessment of growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, 2001, 14 pp

320. Lasker N, Harvey A, Baker H: Vitamin levels in hemodialysis and intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 9:51-56, 1963

321. Yatzidis H, Koutsicos D, Alaveras AG, Papastephanidis C, Frangos-Plemenos M: Biotin for neurologic disorders of uremia. N Engl J Med 305:764, 1981

321a. Litwin M, Abuauba M, Wawer ZT, Grenda R, Kuryt T, Pietraszek E. Folate, vitamin B12, and sulfur amino acid levels in patients with renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 16:127-132, 2001

322. Boeschoten EW, Schrijver J, Krediet RT, Schreurs WH, Arisz L: Deficiencies of vitamins in CAPD patients: The effect of supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3:187-193, 1988

323. Descombes E, Hanck AB, Fellay G: Water soluble vitamins in chronic hemodialysis patients and need for supplementation. Kidney Int 43:1319-1328, 1993

324. Jamison RL, Hartigan P, Kaufman JS, et al: Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298:1163-1170, 2007

325. Sunder-Plassmann G, Winkelmayer WC, Fodinger M: Approaching the end of the homocysteine hype? Am J Kidney Dis 51:549-553, 2008

326. Feinstein S, Sela BA, Drukker A, et al: Hyperhomocysteinemia in children on renal replacement therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 17:515-519, 2002

327. Kang HG, Lee BS, Hahn H, et al: Reduction of plasma homocysteine by folic acid in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 17:511-514, 2002

328. Schroder CH, de Boer AW, Giesen AM, Monnens LA, Blom H: Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in children on dialysis by folic acid. Pediatr Nephrol 13:583-585, 1999

329. Bennett-Richards K, Kattenhorn M, Donald A, et al: Does oral folic acid lower total homocysteine levels and improve endothelial function in children with chronic renal failure? Circulation 105:1810-1815, 2002

330. Bamgbola OF, Kaskel F: Role of folate deficiency on erythropoietin resistance in pediatric and adolescent patients on chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1622-1629, 2005

331. Merouani A, Lambert M, Delvin EE, Genest J Jr, Robitaille P, Rozen R: Plasma homocysteine concentration in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 16:805-811, 2001

332. Clarke R, Armitage J: Vitamin supplements and cardiovascular risk: Review of the randomized trials of homocysteine-lowering vitamin supplements. Semin Thromb Hemost 26:341-348, 2000

333. Spence JD, Cordy P, Kortas C, Freeman D: Effect of usual doses of folate supplementation on elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine in hemodialysis patients: No difference between 1 and 5 mg daily. Am J Nephrol 19:405-410, 1999

334. Pollock C, Voss D, Hodson E, Crompton C: The CARI guidelines. Nutrition and growth in kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 10:S177-S230, 2005 (suppl 5)

335. Blumberg A, Hanck A, Sander G: Vitamin nutrition in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Clin Nephrol 20:244-250, 1983

336. van Olden RW, Krediet RT, Struijk DG, Arisz L: Measurement of residual renal function in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:745-750, 1996

337. Wiggins KL (ed): Renal Care: Resources and Practical Applications. Chicago, IL, American Dietetic Association, 2004

338. Ono K: Secondary hyperoxalemia caused by vitamin C supplementation in regular hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 26:239-243, 1986

339. Rolton HA, McConnell KM, Modi KS, Macdougall AI: The effect of vitamin C intake on plasma oxalate in patients on regular haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:440-443, 1991

340. Gentile MG, Fellin G, Manna GM, et al: Vitamin A and retinol binding protein in chronic renal insufficiency. Int J Artif Organs 11:403-404, 1988

341. Vannucchi MT, Vannucchi H, Humphreys M: Serum levels of vitamin A and retinol binding protein in chronic renal patients treated by continuous ambulatorial peritoneal dialysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 62:107-112, 1992

342. Kopple JD: Dietary considerations in patients with advanced chronic renal failure, acute renal failure, and transplantation, in Shrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds): Diseases of the Kidney (ed 4). Boston, MA, Little, Brown, 1988, pp 3167-3210

343. Makoff R: Vitamin supplementation in patients with renal disease. Dial Transplant 21:18-36, 1992

344. de Cavanagh EM, Ferder L, Carrasquedo F, et al: Higher levels of antioxidant defenses in enalapril-treated versus non-enalapril-treated hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:445-455, 1999

345. Giardini O, Cantani A, Donfrancesco A: Vitamin E therapy in homozygous beta-thalassemia. N Engl J Med 305:644, 1981

346. Stein G, Sperschneider H, Koppe S: Vitamin levels in chronic renal failure and need for supplementation. Blood Purif 3:52-62, 1985

347. De Bevere VO, Nelis HJ, De Leenheer AP, Lambert WE, De Paepe M, Ringoir S: Vitamin E levels in hemodialysis patients. JAMA 247:2371, 1982

348. Hultqvist M, Hegbrant J, Nilsson-Thorell C, et al: Plasma concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and/or malondialdehyde as markers of oxygen free radical production during hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 47:37-46, 1997

349. Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Jaudon MC, Issad B, et al: Antioxidant status of elderly chronic renal patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1399-1405, 1997

350. Nikolakakis N, Kounali D, Tornaritis M, et al: Adipose tissue fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and serum alpha-tocopherol in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients living on the island of Crete. Perit Dial Int 19:154-159, 1999

351. Nemeth I, Turi S, Haszon I, Bereczki C: Vitamin E alleviates the oxidative stress of erythropoietin in uremic children on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 14:13-17, 2000

352. Thabet MA, Chan JC: Vitamin E in renal therapeutic regiments. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1790-1801, 2006

353. Tamura T, Vaughn WH, Waldo FB, Kohaut EC: Zinc and copper balance in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 3:309-313, 1989

354. Zachara BA, Gromadzinska J, Wasowicz W, Zbrog Z: Red blood cell and plasma glutathione peroxidase activities and selenium concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease: A review. Acta Biochim Pol 53:663-677, 2006

355. Baker SS, Cochran WJ, Flores CA, et al: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Calcium requirements of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 104:1152-1157, 1999

356. Weaver CM: Calcium bioavailability and its relation to osteoporosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200:157-160, 1992

357. Weaver CM, Plawecki KL: Dietary calcium: Adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 59:S1238-S1241, 1994 (suppl 5)

358. Weaver CM, Proulx WR, Heaney R: Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 70:S543-S548, 1999 (suppl 3)

359. Andon MB, Peacock M, Kanerva RL, De Castro JA: Calcium absorption from apple and orange juice fortified with calcium citrate malate (CCM). J Am Coll Nutr 15:313-316, 1996

360. Hsu CH: Are we mismanaging calcium and phosphate metabolism in renal failure? Am J Kidney Dis 29:641-649, 1997

361. Raper NR, Zissa C, Rourke J: Nutrient Content of the US Food Supply, 1909-1988: Home Economics Research Report. Washington, DC, US Department of Agriculture, 1992

362. Coburn JW, Mischel MG, Goodman WG, Salusky IB: Calcium citrate markedly enhances aluminum absorption from aluminum hydroxide. Am J Kidney Dis 17:708-711, 1991

363. Coburn JW, Koppel MH, Brickman AS, Massry SG: Study of intestinal absorption of calcium in patients with renal failure. Kidney Int 3:264-272, 1973

364. Recker RR, Saville PD: Calcium absorption in renal failure: Its relationship to blood urea nitrogen, dietary calcium intake, time on dialysis, and other variables. J Lab Clin Med 78:380-388, 1971

365. Alon U, Davidai G, Bentur L, Berant M, Better OS: Oral calcium carbonate as phosphate-binder in infants and children with chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 12:320-325, 1986

366. Andreoli SP, Dunson JW, Bergstein JM: Calcium carbonate is an effective phosphorus binder in children with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 9:206-210, 1987

367. Salusky IB, Coburn JW, Foley J, Nelson P, Fine RN: Effects of oral calcium carbonate on control of serum phosphorus and changes in plasma aluminum levels after discontinuation of aluminum-containing gels in children receiving dialysis. J Pediatr 108:767-770, 1986

368. Sieniawska M, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Weglarska J, Jablczynska A, Welc-Dobies J: Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Mater Med Pol 23:203-208, 1991

369. Tamanaha K, Mak RH, Rigden SP, et al: Long-term suppression of hyperparathyroidism by phosphate binders in uremic children. Pediatr Nephrol 1:145-149, 1987

370. Wallot M, Bonzel KE, Winter A, Georger B, Lettgen B, Bald M: Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as oral phosphate binder in pediatric and adolescent hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 10:625-630, 1996

371. Sheikh MS, Maguire JA, Emmett M, et al: Reduction of dietary phosphorus absorption by phosphorus binders. A theoretical, in vitro, and in vivo study. J Clin Invest 83:66-73, 1989

372. Janssen MJ, van der Kuy A, ter Wee PM, van Boven WP: Aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate and calcium acetate in chronic intermittent hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 45:111-119, 1996

373. Pflanz S, Henderson IS, McElduff N, Jones MC: Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphate-binding agents in chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1121-1124, 1994

374. Ring T, Nielsen C, Andersen SP, Behrens JK, Sodemann B, Kornerup HJ: Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphorus binders in patients on chronic haemodialysis: A controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:341-346, 1993

375. Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Sheikh MS, Emmett M, Fordtran JS: Effect of the time of administration of calcium acetate on phosphorus binding. N Engl J Med 320:1110-1113, 1989

376. Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary Reference Intakes For Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC, National Academy, 1997

377. Chanard JM, Drueke T, Zingraff J, Man NK, Russo-Marie F, Funck-Brentano JL: Effects of haemodialysis on fractional intestinal absorption of calcium in uraemia. Eur J Clin Invest 6:261-264, 1976

378. Ardissino G, Schmitt CP, Bianchi ML, Dacco V, Claris-Appiani A, Mehls O: No difference in intestinal strontium absorption after oral or IV calcitriol in children with secondary hyperparathyroidism. The European Study Group on Vitamin D in Children with Renal Failure. Kidney Int 58:981-988, 2000

379. Kurz P, Monier-Faugere MC, Bognar B, et al: Evidence for abnormal calcium homeostasis in patients with adynamic bone disease. Kidney Int 46:855-861, 1994

380. Banalagay EE, Bernardini J, Piraino B: Calcium mass transfer with 10-hour dwell time using 1.25 versus 1.75 mmol/L calcium dialysate. Adv Perit Dial 9:271-273, 1993

381. Malberti F, Corradi B, Imbasciati E: Calcium mass transfer and kinetics in CAPD using calcium-free solutions. Adv Perit Dial 9:274-279, 1993

382. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Holley J, Johnston JR, Perlmutter JA, Martis L: Calcium mass transfer in peritoneal dialysis patients using 2.5 mEq/l calcium dialysate. Clin Nephrol 37:48-51, 1992

383. Sieniawska M, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Wojciechowska B: The influence of dialysate calcium concentration on the PTH level in children undergoing CAPD. Perit Dial Int 16:S567-S569, 1996 (suppl 1)

384. Weinreich T, Colombi A, Echterhoff HH, et al: Transperitoneal calcium mass transfer using dialysate with a low calcium concentration (1.0 mM). Perit Dial Int 13:S467-S470, 1993 (suppl 2)

385. Fabrizi F, Bacchini G, Di Filippo S, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F: Intradialytic calcium balances with different calcium dialysate levels. Effects on cardiovascular stability and parathyroid function. Nephron 72:530-535, 1996

386. Fernandez E, Borras M, Pais B, Montoliu J: Low-calcium dialysate stimulates parathormone secretion and its long-term use worsens secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:132-135, 1995

387. Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK: Vitamin D status in the elderly: Seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 45:755-763, 1987

388. Khaw KT, Sneyd MJ, Compston J: Bone density parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in middle aged women. BMJ 305:273-277, 1992

389. Eastwood JB, Stamp TC, De Wardener HE, Bordier PJ, Arnaud CD: The effect of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. Clin Sci Mol Med 52:499-508, 1977

390. Eastwood JB, Stamp TC, Harris E, de Wardener HE: Vitamin-D deficiency in the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure. Lancet 2:1209-1211, 1976

391. LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, Franklin J, Wright J, Glowacki J: Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA 281:1505-1511, 1999

392. Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, Rubertus F, van der Vijgh WJ, Netelenbos JC: Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and in elderly control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 46:1005-1010, 1987

393. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al: Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 327:1637-1642, 1992

394. Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Inaba M, et al: Serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1019-1027, 1999

395. Reichel H, Deibert B, Schmidt-Gayk H, Ritz E: Calcium metabolism in early chronic renal failure: Implications for the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:162-169, 1991

396. Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al: Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med 338:777-783, 1998

397. Papapoulos SE, Clemens TL, Fraher LJ, Gleed J, O'Riordan JL: Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin-D deficiency: Effect of vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Lancet 2:612-615, 1980

398. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:S1-S201, 2003 (suppl 3)

399. Holick MF: Vitamin D and the kidney. Kidney Int 32:912-929, 1987

400. Saha H: Calcium and vitamin D homeostasis in patients with heavy proteinuria. Clin Nephrol 41:290-296, 1994

401. Ghazali A, Fardellone P, Pruna A, et al: Is low plasma 25-(OH)vitamin D a major risk factor for hyperparathyroidism and Looser's zones independent of calcitriol? Kidney Int 55:2169-2177, 1999

402. Dusso A, Lopez-Hilker S, Rapp N, Slatopolsky E: Extra-renal production of calcitriol in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 34:368-375, 1988

403. Dusso AS, Finch J, Brown A, et al: Extrarenal production of calcitriol in normal and uremic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:157-164, 1991

404. Lambert PW, Stern PH, Avioli RC, et al: Evidence for extrarenal production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in man. J Clin Invest 69:722-725, 1982

405. Birge SJ, Haddad JG: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol stimulation of muscle metabolism. J Clin Invest 56:1100-1107, 1975

406. Houghton LA, Vieth R: The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 84:694-697, 2006

407. Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R: Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr 68:854-858, 1998

408. Shah BR, Finberg L: Single-day therapy for nutritional vitamin D-deficiency rickets: A preferred method. J Pediatr 125:487-490, 1994

409. Combe C, Aparicio M: Phosphorus and protein restriction and parathyroid function in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 46:1381-1386, 1994

410. Lafage MH, Combe C, Fournier A, Aparicio M: Ketodiet, physiological calcium intake and native vitamin D improve renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int 42:1217-1225, 1992

411. Shroff RC, Donald AE, Hiorns MP, et al: Mineral metabolism and vascular damage in children on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2996-3003, 2007

412. Llach F, Massry SG, Singer FR, Kurokawa K, Kaye JH, Coburn JW: Skeletal resistance to endogenous parathyroid hormone in patients with early renal failure. A possible cause for secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:339-345, 1975

413. Portale AA, Booth BE, Halloran BP, Morris RC Jr: Effect of dietary phosphorus on circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in children with moderate renal insufficiency. J Clin Invest 73:1580-1589, 1984

414. Portale AA, Booth BE, Tsai HC, Morris RC Jr: Reduced plasma concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in children with moderate renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 21:627-632, 1982

415. Llach F, Massry SG: On the mechanism of secondary hyperparathyroidism in moderate renal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:601-606, 1985

416. Turner C, Compston J, Mak RH, et al: Bone turnover and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol during treatment with phosphate binders. Kidney Int 33:989-995, 1988

417. Jureidini KF, Hogg RJ, van Renen MJ, et al: Evaluation of long-term aggressive dietary management of chronic renal failure in children. Pediatr Nephrol 4:1-10, 1990

418. Kist-van Holthe tot Echten JE, Nauta J, Hop WC, et al: Protein restriction in chronic renal failure. Arch Dis Child 68:371-375, 1993

419. Uauy RD, Hogg RJ, Brewer ED, Reisch JS, Cunningham C, Holliday MA: Dietary protein and growth in infants with chronic renal insufficiency: A report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group and the University of California, San Francisco. Pediatr Nephrol 8:45-50, 1994

420. Ihle BU, Becker GJ, Whitworth JA, Charlwood RA, Kincaid-Smith PS: The effect of protein restriction on the progression of renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 321:1773-1777, 1989

421. Mahmoud MD, Bouche V, Collin P, Girault A: Effects of keto-analogues on phosphocalcic and aminoacid metabolism in dialysed patients: A crossover study. Int J Artif Organs 12:692-696, 1989

422. Williams PS, Stevens ME, Fass G, Irons L, Bone JM: Failure of dietary protein and phosphate restriction to retard the rate of progression of chronic renal failure: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Q J Med 81:837-855, 1991

423. Zeller K, Whittaker E, Sullivan L, Raskin P, Jacobson HR: Effect of restricting dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 324:78-84, 1991

424. Klaus G, Watson A, Edefonti A, et al: Prevention and treatment of renal osteodystrophy in children on chronic renal failure: European guidelines. Pediatr Nephrol 21:151-159, 2006

425. Rees L: What parathyroid hormone levels should we aim for in children with stage 5 chronic kidney disease; What is the evidence? Pediatr Nephrol 23:179-184, 2008

426. Tenenhouse HS, Murer H: Disorders of renal tubular phosphate transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:240-248, 2003

427. Sullivan CM, Leon JB, Sehgal AR: Phosphorus-containing food additives and the accuracy of nutrient databases: Implications for renal patients. J Ren Nutr 17:350-354, 2007

428. Uribarri J, Calvo MS: Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: Does it matter in nephrology? Semin Dial 16:186-188, 2003

429. Russo D, Miranda I, Ruocco C, et al: The progression of coronary artery calcification in predialysis patients on calcium carbonate or sevelamer. Kidney Int 72:1255-1261, 2007

430. Levin NW, Gotch FA, Kuhlmann MK: Factors for increased morbidity and mortality in uremia: Hyperphosphatemia. Semin Nephrol 24:396-400, 2004

431. Rodriguez-Benot A, Martin-Malo A, Alvarez-Lara MA, Rodriguez M, Aljama P: Mild hyperphosphatemia and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 46:68-77, 2005

432. Voormolen N, Noordzij M, Grootendorst DC, et al: High plasma phosphate as a risk factor for decline in renal function and mortality in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:2909-2916, 2007

433. Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M, Slatopolsky E: Pathogenesis of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 68:429-436, 2005

434. Giachelli CM: Vascular calcification: In vitro evidence for the role of inorganic phosphate. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: S300-S304, 2003 (suppl 4)

435. Salusky IB, Goodman WG, Sahney S, et al: Sevelamer controls parathyroid hormone-induced bone disease as efficiently as calcium carbonate without increasing serum calcium levels during therapy with active vitamin D sterols. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2501-2508, 2005

436. Pieper AK, Haffner D, Hoppe B, et al: A randomized crossover trial comparing sevelamer with calcium acetate in children with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 47:625-635, 2006

437. Ferrara E, Lemire J, Reznik VM, Grimm PC: Dietary phosphorus reduction by pretreatment of human breast milk with sevelamer. Pediatr Nephrol 19:775-779, 2004

438. Raaijmakers R, Willems J, Houkes B, Heuvel CS, Monnens LA: Pretreatment of various dairy products with sevelamer: Effective P reduction but also a rise in pH. Perit Dial Int 29:S15A, 2008 (suppl 4; abstr)

439. Block GA, Spiegel DM, Ehrlich J, et al: Effects of sevelamer and calcium on coronary artery calcification in patients new to hemodialysis. Kidney Int 68:1815-1824, 2005

440. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P: Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:245-252, 2002

441. Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, et al: Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72:1130-1137, 2007

442. Hutchison AJ, Maes B, Vanwalleghem J, et al: Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of lanthanum carbonate in hyperphosphatemia: A 6-month, randomized, comparative trial versus calcium carbonate. Nephron Clin Pract 100:c8-c19, 2005

443. Lacour B, Lucas A, Auchere D, Ruellan N, de Serre Patey NM, Drueke TB: Chronic renal failure is associated with increased tissue deposition of lanthanum after 28-day oral administration. Kidney Int 67:1062-1069, 2005

444. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43:S1-S290, 2004 (suppl 1)

445. Wassner SJ, Kulin HE: Diminished linear growth associated with chronic salt depletion. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 29:719-721, 1990

446. Ray PE, Lyon RC, Ruley EJ, Holliday MA: Sodium or chloride deficiency lowers muscle intracellular pH in growing rats. Pediatr Nephrol 10:33-37, 1996

447. Parekh R, Smoyer WE, Milne JL, et al: Letter from the authors of “Improved Growth in Young Children with Severe Chronic Renal Insufficiency Who Use Specified Nutritional Therapy.” J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1421-1422, 2002

448. Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC, The National Academies, 2004

449. Paulson WD, Bock GH, Nelson AP, Moxey-Mims MM, Crim LM: Hyponatremia in the very young chronic peritoneal dialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 14:196-199, 1989

450. Hadtstein C, Schaefer F: Hypertension in children with chronic kidney disease: Pathophysiology and management. Pediatr Nephrol 23:363-371, 2008

451. Mitsnefes M, Stablein D: Hypertension in pediatric patients on long-term dialysis: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Am J Kidney Dis 45:309-315, 2005

452. Lerner GR, Warady BA, Sullivan EK, Alexander SR: Chronic dialysis in children and adolescents. The 1996 annual report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatr Nephrol 13:404-417, 1999

453. Loirat C, Ehrich JH, Geerlings W, et al: Report on management of renal failure in children in Europe, XXIII, 1992. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:S26-S40, 1994 (suppl 1)

454. Mitsnefes M, Ho PL, McEnery PT: Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2618-2622, 2003

455. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 114:S555-S576, 2004 (suppl 4)

456. He FJ, MacGregor GA: Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children: Meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hypertension 48:861-869, 2006

457. Krautzig S, Janssen U, Koch KM, Granolleras C, Shaldon S: Dietary salt restriction and reduction of dialysate sodium to control hypertension in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:552-553, 1998

458. Maduell F, Navarro V: Dietary salt intake and blood pressure control in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:2063, 2000

459. Shaldon S: Dietary salt restriction and drug-free treatment of hypertension in ESRD patients: A largely abandoned therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1163-1165, 2002

460. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 2005, p 70

461. Garriguet D: Sodium consumption at all ages. Health Rep 18:47-52, 2007

462. Mattes RD, Donnelly D: Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources. J Am Coll Nutr 10:383-393, 1991

463. Sanders PW: Assessment and treatment of hypertension in dialysis: The case for salt restriction. Semin Dial 20:408-411, 2007

464. Tomson CR: Advising dialysis patients to restrict fluid intake without restricting sodium intake is not based on evidence and is a waste of time. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1538-1542, 2001

465. Biesecker R, Stuart N: Nutrition management of the adult hemodialysis patient, in Byham-Gray L, Wiesen K (eds): A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in Kidney Disease (ed 1). Chicago, IL, American Dietetic Association, 2004, pp 43-55

466. Falkenhein M, Hartman J, Hebert L: Nutritional management of water, sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium in renal disease and renal failure, in Kopple JD, Massry SG (eds): Nutritional Management of Renal Disease (ed 1). Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, 1997, pp 371-394

467. Schiro-Harvey K: Renal Dietitians Dietetic Practice Group: National Renal Diet: Professional Guide. Chicago, IL, American Dietetic Association, 2002

468. Burrowes JD, Ramer NJ: Removal of potassium from tuberous root vegetables by leaching. J Ren Nutr 16:304-311, 2006

469. Louis CJ, Dolan EM: Removal of potassium in potatoes by leaching. J Am Diet Assoc 57:42-43, 1970

470. Doorenbos CJ, Vermeij CG: Danger of salt substitutes that contain potassium in patients with renal failure. BMJ 326:35-36, 2003

471. Smellie WS: Spurious hyperkalaemia. BMJ 334:693-695, 2007

472. Stover J: Non-dietary causes of hyperkalemia. Nephrol Nurs J 33:221-222, 2006

473. Bunchman TE, Wood EG, Schenck MH, Weaver KA, Klein BL, Lynch RE: Pretreatment of formula with sodium polystyrene sulfonate to reduce dietary potassium intake. Pediatr Nephrol 5:29-32, 1991

474. Fassinger N, Dabbagh S, Mukhopadhyay S, Lee DY: Mineral content of infant formula after treatment with sodium polystyrene sulfonate or calcium polystyrene sulfonate. Adv Perit Dial 14:274-277, 1998

475. Gowrishankar M, Kerr L, Bamforth F, Yiu V, Spady D: Kayexalate treatment of infant formula reduces potassium content. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:467A, 2003

476. Rivard AL, Raup SM, Beilman GJ: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate used to reduce the potassium content of a high-protein enteral formula: A quantitative analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 28:76-78, 2004

477. Schroder CH, van den Berg AM, Willems JL, Monnens LA: Reduction of potassium in drinks by pre-treatment with calcium polystyrene sulphonate. Eur J Pediatr 152:263-264, 1993

478. Factor KF: Potassium management in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients: Can a diet with increased potassium maintain a normal serum potassium without a potassium supplement? Adv Perit Dial 23:167-169, 2007

479. Hodson E: The CARI guidelines. Sodium chloride and water intake in children. Nephrology (Carlton) 10:S211-S212, 2005 (suppl 5)

480. Voss D: The CARI guidelines. Potassium in predialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 10:S188-S190, 2005 (suppl 5)

481. Reuter SE, Faull RJ, Evans AM: L-Carnitine supplementation in the dialysis population: Are Australian patients missing out? Nephrology (Carlton) 13:3-16, 2008

482. Belay B, Esteban-Cruciani N, Walsh CA, Kaskel FJ: The use of levo-carnitine in children with renal disease: A review and a call for future studies. Pediatr Nephrol 21:308-317, 2006

483. Evans AM, Fornasini G: Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet 42:941-967, 2003

484. Evans A: Dialysis-related carnitine disorder and levocarnitine pharmacology. Am J Kidney Dis 41:S13-S26, 2003 (suppl 4)

485. Verrina E, Caruso U, Calevo MG, et al: Effect of carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and anemia in children on chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 22:727-733, 2007

486. Warady BA, Borum P, Stall C, Millspaugh J, Taggart E, Lum G: Carnitine status of pediatric patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 10:109-114, 1990

487. Eknoyan G, Latos DL, Lindberg J: Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder. National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis 41:868-876, 2003

488. Guarnieri G, Biolo G, Vinci P, Massolino B, Barazzoni R: Advances in carnitine in chronic uremia. J Ren Nutr 17:23-29, 2007

489. Kosan C, Sever L, Arisoy N, Caliskan S, Kasapcopur O: Carnitine supplementation improves apolipoprotein B levels in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 18:1184-1188, 2003

490. Lilien MR, Duran M, Quak JM, Frankhuisen JJ, Schroder CH: Oral L-carnitine does not decrease erythropoietin requirement in pediatric dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 15:17-20, 2000

491. National Kidney Foundation: KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 47:S11-S145, 2006 (suppl 3)

492. Simenhoff ML, Burke JF, Saukkonen JJ, Ordinario AT, Doty R: Biochemical profile of uremic breath. N Engl J Med 297:132-135, 1977

493. Schroder CH: The management of anemia in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Guidelines by an ad hoc European committee. Pediatr Nephrol 18:805-809, 2003

494. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al: Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: A position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 67:2089-2100, 2005

495. Craig JC: Kidney transplantation in children: The preferred option but still no cure. Am J Kidney Dis 51:880-881, 2008

496. White CT, Schisler T, Er L, Djurdjev O, Matsuda-Abedini M: CKD following kidney transplantation in children and adolescents. Am J Kidney Dis 51:996-1004, 2008

497. McPartland KJ, Pomposelli JJ: Update on immunosuppressive drugs used in solid-organ transplantation and their nutrition implications. Nutr Clin Pract 22:467-473, 2007

498. Meier-Kriesche HU, Arndorfer JA, Kaplan B: The impact of body mass index on renal transplant outcomes: A significant independent risk factor for graft failure and patient death. Transplantation 73:70-74, 2002

499. National Kidney Foundation: Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients: A report from the Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease Work Group of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Transplant 4:13-53, 2004

500. Milliner DS, Morgenstern BZ, Murphy M, Gonyea J, Sterioff S: Lipid levels following renal transplantation in pediatric recipients. Transplant Proc 26:112-114, 1994

501. Querfeld U, Lang M, Friedrich JB, Kohl B, Fiehn W, Scharer K: Lipoprotein(a) serum levels and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in children with chronic renal disease. Pediatr Res 34:772-776, 1993

502. Singh A, Tejani C, Benfield M, Tejani A: Sequential analysis of the lipid profile of children post-renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2:216-223, 1998

503. Van Gool S, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Cobbaert C, Proesmans W, Eggermont E: Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in children on hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 23:1375-1377, 1991

504. Bhakta N, Marik J, Malekzadeh M, Gjertson D, Ettenger R: Can pediatric steroid-free renal transplantation improve growth and metabolic complications? Pediatr Transplant 12:854-861, 2008

505. Sarwal MM, Vidhun JR, Alexander SR, Satterwhite T, Millan M, Salvatierra O Jr: Continued superior outcomes with modification and lengthened follow-up of a steroid-avoidance pilot with extended daclizumab induction in pediatric renal transplantation. Transplantation 76:1331-1339, 2003

506. Sgambat K, He J, McCarter RJ, Moudgil A: Lipoprotein profile changes in children after renal transplantation in the modern immunosuppression era. Pediatr Transplant 12:796-803, 2008

507. Parekh RS, Carroll CE, Wolfe RA, Port FK: Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease. J Pediatr 141:191-197, 2002

508. Ferraris JR, Ghezzi L, Waisman G, Krmar RT: Potential cardiovascular risk factors in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 21:119-125, 2006

509. Silverstein DM: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 8:386-393, 2004

510. Aldamiz-Echevarria L, Vallo A, Sanjurjo P, et al: Influence of diet on atherogenic risk in children with renal transplants. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1039-1045, 2004

511. Delucchi A, Marin V, Trabucco G, et al: Dyslipidemia and dietary modification in Chilean renal pediatric transplantation. Transplant Proc 33:1297-1301, 2001

512. Guida B, Trio R, Laccetti R, et al: Role of dietary intervention on metabolic abnormalities and nutritional status after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:3304-3310, 2007

513. Al-Uzri A, Stablein DM, A Cohn R: Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in pediatric renal transplant recipients: A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Transplantation 72:1020-1024, 2001

514. Levi M: Post-transplant hypophosphatemia. Kidney Int 59:2377-2387, 2001

515. Chan JC: Post-transplant metabolic bone complications and optimization of treatment. Pediatr Transplant 11:349-353, 2007

516. Saland JM, Goode ML, Haas DL, Romano TA, Seikaly MG: The prevalence of osteopenia in pediatric renal allograft recipients varies with the method of analysis. Am J Transplant 1:243-250, 2001

517. Leonard MB, Bachrach LK: Assessment of bone mineralization following renal transplantation in children: Limitations of DXA and the confounding effects of delayed growth and development. Am J Transplant 1:193-196, 2001

518. Canani RB, Cirillo P, Roggero P, et al: Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics 117:e817-e820, 2006

519. US Department of Agriculture: Food Safety for Transplant Recipients. A Need-to-Know Guide for Bone Marrow and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Washington, DC, US Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 2006, p 24

520. Cole TJ: The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr 44:45-60, 1990

521. Secker D: Infancy, childhood and adolescence, in Byham-Gray LD, Burrowes JD, Chertow GM (eds): Nutrition in Kidney Disease. New York, NY, Humana, 2008, pp 431-467

522. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, Slutsky J, Grimshaw J, Deshpande AM: Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: A proposal from the Conference on Guideline Standardization. Ann Intern Med 139:493-498, 2003

523. Schaefer F, Wuhl E, Feneberg R, Mehls O, Scharer K: Assessment of body composition in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 14:673-678, 2000

524. Specker BL, Lichtenstein P, Mimouni F, Gormley C, Tsang RC: Calcium-regulating hormones and minerals from birth to 18 months of age. A cross-sectional study. II. Effects of sex, race, age, season, and diet on serum minerals, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Pediatrics 77:891-896, 1986