American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 741-752 , October 2009

Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Depression in Patients With CKD

  • S. Susan Hedayati, MD, MHSc

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX
    • Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
    • ,
  • Fredric O. Finkelstein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Hospital of St Raphael, Yale University, Renal Research Institute New Haven, CT
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Fredric O. Finkelstein, MD, 136 Sherman Ave, New Haven, CT 06511

Received 10 February 2009 ,Accepted 6 May 2009.

References 

  1. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication). JAMA. 2003;289:3095–3105
  2. Hedayati SS, Bosworth HB, Kuchibhatla M, Kimmel PL, Szczech LA. The predictive value of self-report scales compared with physician diagnosis of depression in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1662–1668
  3. Lopes AA, Bragg J, Young E, et al. Depression as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization among hemodialysis patients in the United States and Europe. Kidney Int. 2002;62:199–207
  4. Watnick S, Wang PL, Demadura T, Ganzini L. Validation of 2 depression screening tools in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:919–924
  5. Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, et al. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1849–1856
  6. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction (Impact on 6-month survival). JAMA. 1993;270:1819–1825
  7. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:953–962
  8. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shumaker S, Ockene J, et al. Depression and cardiovascular sequelae in postmenopausal women (The Women's Health Initiative (WHI)). Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:289–298
  9. Bruce ML, Leaf PJ. Psychiatric disorders and 15-month mortality in a community sample of older adults. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:727–730
  10. Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, et al. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 1993;4:285–294
  11. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM, Armenian HK, Gallo JJ, Eaton WW. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction (Prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up). Circulation. 1996;94:3123–3129
  12. Ariyo AA, Haan M, Tangen CM, et al. Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans (Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group). Circulation. 2000;102:1773–1779
  13. Applegate WB, Pressel S, Wittes J, et al. Impact of the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension on behavioral variables (Results from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program). Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2154–2160
  14. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Applegate WB, Berge K, et al. Change in depression as a precursor of cardiovascular events (SHEP Cooperative Research Group (Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly)). Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:553–561
  15. Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Mendes de Leon CF, et al. Cardiovascular events and mortality in newly and chronically depressed persons 70 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:988–994
  16. Hedayati SS, Bosworth H, Briley L, et al. Death or hospitalization of patients on chronic hemodialysis is associated with a physician-based diagnosis of depression. Kidney Int. 2008;74:930–936
  17. Hedayati SS, Grambow SC, Szczech LA, Stechuchak KM, Allen AS, Bosworth HB. Physician-diagnosed depression as a correlate of hospitalizations in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:642–649
  18. Jiang W, Kuchibhatla M, Cuffe MS, et al. Prognostic value of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2004;110:3452–3456
  19. Krumholz HM, Butler J, Miller J. Prognostic importance of emotional support for elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation. 1998;97:958–964
  20. Kimmel PL, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, et al. Multiple measurements of depression predict mortality in a longitudinal study of chronic hemodialysis outpatients. Kidney Int. 2000;57:2093–2098
  21. Boulware LE, Liu Y, Fink NE, et al. Temporal relation among depression symptoms, cardiovascular disease events, and mortality in end-stage renal disease: Contribution of reverse causality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:496–504
  22. Ziegelstein RC. Depression in patients recovering from a myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2001;286:1621–1627
  23. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91:999–1005
  24. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:337–341
  25. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;105:1049–1053
  26. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Gravel G, et al. Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:1919–1924
  27. Carinci F, Nicolucci A, Ciampi A, et al. Role of interactions between psychological and clinical factors in determining 6-month mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction (Application of recursive partitioning techniques to the GISSI-2 database. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell' Infarto Miocardico). Eur Heart J. 1997;18:835–845
  28. McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, et al. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1285–1295
  29. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu C. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305
  30. Walters BA, Hays RD, Spritzer KL, et al. Health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, anemia, and malnutrition at hemodialysis initiation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1185–1194
  31. Dogan E, Erkoc R, Eryonucu B, et al. Relation between depression, some laboratory parameters, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2005;27:695–699
  32. Drayer RA, Piraino B, Reynolds CF, et al. Characteristics of depression in hemodialysis patients: Symptoms, quality of life and mortality risk. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28:306–312
  33. Turk S, Atalay H, Altintepe L, et al. Treatment with antidepressive drugs improved quality of life in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 2006;65:113–118
  34. Peng YS, Chiang CK, Hung KY, et al. The association of higher depressive symptoms and sexual dysfunction in male haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:857–861
  35. Finkelstein FO, Wuerth D, Troidle LK, Finkelstein SH. Depression and end-stage renal disease: A therapeutic challenge. Kidney Int. 2008;74:843–845
  36. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA. 2002;288:701–709
  37. Watnick S, Kirwin P, Mahnensmith R, Concato J. The prevalence and treatment of depression among patients starting dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:105–110
  38. Lopes AA, Albert JM, Young EW, et al. Screening for depression in hemodialysis patients: Associations with diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2047–2053
  39. Cohen SD, Norris L, Acquaviva K, et al. Screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1332–1342
  40. Koo JR, Yoon JY, Joo MH, et al. Treatment of depression and effect of antidepression treatment on nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Med Sci. 2005;329:1–5
  41. Friend R, Singletary Y, Mendell NR, Nurse H. Group participation and survival among patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Public Health. 1986;76:670–672
  42. Kouidi E, Iacovides A, Iordanidis P, et al. Exercise renal rehabilitation program: Psychosocial effects. Nephron. 1997;77:152–158
  43. van Vilsteren MC, Greef MH, Huisman RM. The effects of a low-to-moderate intensity pre-conditioning exercise programme linked with exercise counseling for sedentary hemodialysis patients in The Netherlands: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;20:141–146
  44. Cukor D. Use of cognitive behavioral therapy to treat depression among patients on hemodialysis. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58:711–712
  45. Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C. Pharmacologic treatment of acute major depression and dysthymia. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:738–742
  46. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (ed 4). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  47. Kimmel PL, Weihs K, Peterson RA. Survival in hemodialysis patients: The role of depression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1993;4:12–27
  48. Hedayati SS, Jiang W, O'Connor CM, et al. The association between depression and chronic kidney disease and mortality among patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:207–215
  49. Kimmel PL. Depression in patients with chronic renal disease: What we know and what we need to know. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:951–956
  50. Parkenson GR, Gutman RA. Predictors of functional health status of end-stage renal disease patients. Health Care Financing Rev. 1997;18:37–49
  51. Craven JL, Rodin GM, Littlefield C. The BDI as a screening device for major depression in renal dialysis patients. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1998;18:365–374
  52. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP, Version 2.0). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996;
  53. Skre I, Onstad S, Torgensen S, Kringlen E. High interrater reliability for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R axis I (SCID I). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84:167–173
  54. Cukor D, Peterson RA, Cohen SD, Kimmel PL. Depression in end-stage renal disease hemodialysis patients. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006;2:678–687
  55. Devins GM, Mann J, Mandin H. Psychosocial predictors of survival in end-stage renal disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178:127–133
  56. Christensen AJ, Wiebe JS, Smith TW, Turner CW. Predictors of survival among hemodialysis patients: Effects of perceived family support. Health Psychol. 1994;13:521–525
  57. Soucie JM, McClellan WM. Early death in dialysis patients: Risk factors and impact on incidence and mortality rates. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;10:2169–2175
  58. Shulman R, Price JDE, Spinelli J. Biopsychosocial aspects of long-term survival on end-stage renal failure therapy. Psychol Med. 1989;19:945–954
  59. Wai L, Burton H, Richmond J, Lindsay RM. Influence of psychosocial factors on survival of home dialysis patients. Lancet. 1981;2:1155–1156
  60. Burton HJ, Kline SA, Lindsay RM, Heidenheim AP. The relationship of depression to survival in chronic renal failure. Psychosom Med. 1986;48:261–269
  61. Ziarnik JP, Freeman CW, Sherrard DJ, Calsyn DA. Psychological correlates of survival on renal dialysis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1977;164:210–213
  62. Kimmel PL, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, et al. Psychosocial factors, behavioral compliance and survival in urban hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1998;54:245–254
  63. Peterson RA, Kimmel PL, Sacks CR, Mesquita ML, Simmens SJ, Reiss D. Depression, perception of illness and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1991;21:343–354
  64. Troidle L, Watnick S, Wuerth DB, Gorban-Brennan N, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Depression and its association with peritonitis in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:350–354
  65. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:381–389
  66. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370:851–858
  67. Kimmel PL. Psychosocial factors in adult end-stage renal disease patients treated with hemodialysis: Correlates and outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(suppl 1):S132–S140
  68. Cohen SD, Sharma T, Acuaviva K, Peterson RA, Patel SS, Kimmel PL. Social support and chronic kidney disease: An update. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2007;14:335–344
  69. Patel SS, Peterson RA, Kimmel PL. The impact of social support on end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2005;18:98–102
  70. Daneker B, Kimmel PL, Ranich T, Petersom RA. Depression and marital dissatisfaction with end-stage renal disease and their spouses. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:839–846
  71. Steele TE, Finkelstein SH, Finkelstein FO. Hemodialysis patients and spouses: Marital discord, sexual problems, and depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1976;162:225–237
  72. Steidl JH, Finkelstein FO, Wexler JP, et al. Medical condition, adherence to treatment regimens and family functioning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1025–1027
  73. Whooley MA. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Healing the broken-hearted. JAMA. 2006;295:2874–2881
  74. McCaffery JM, Frasure-Smith N, Dube MP. Common genetic vulnerability to depressive symptoms and coronary artery disease: A review and development of candidate genes related to inflammation and serotonin. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:187–200
  75. Scherrer JF, Hong X, Bucholz KK, et al. A twin study of depression symptoms, hypertension, and heart disease in middle-aged men. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:548–557
  76. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;104:2024–2028
  77. Krittayaphong R, Cascio WE, Light KC. Heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease: Differences in patients with higher and lower depression scores. Psychosom Med. 1997;59:231–235
  78. Otte C, Marmar CR, Pipkin SS, et al. Depression and 24-hour urinary cortisol in medical outpatients with coronary heart disease: The Heart and Soul Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:241–247
  79. Otte C, Neylan TC, Pipkin S, et al. Depressive symptoms and 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion levels in patients with coronary disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2139–2145
  80. Empana JP, Sykes DH, Luc G. Contributions of depressive mood and circulating inflammatory markers to coronary heart disease in healthy European men: The Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation. 2005;111:2299–2305
  81. Butler J, Leonard BE. The platelet serotonergic system in depression and following sertraline treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;3:343–347
  82. Serebruany VL, Glassman AH, Malinin AI, et al. SADHART Study Group Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events. Circulation. 2003;108:939–944
  83. Serebruany VL, Glassman AH, Malinin AI, et al. Enhanced platelet/endothelial activation in depressed patients with acute coronary syndromes: Evidence from recent clinical trials. Blood Coagul Fibrinol. 2003;14:563–567
  84. Serebruany VL, Suckow RF, Cooper TB, et al. Sertraline Antidepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (Relationship between release of platelet/endothelial biomarkers and plasma levels of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline in acute coronary syndrome patients receiving SSRI treatment for depression). Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1165–1170
  85. Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, et al. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1818–1823
  86. Barefoot JC, Burg MM, Carney RM. Aspects of social support associated with depression at hospitalization and follow-up assessment among cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2003;23:404–412
  87. Bonnet F, Irving K, Terra JL, et al. Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2005;178:339–344
  88. Friend R, Hatchett L, Wadhwa NK, Suh H. Serum albumin and depression in end-stage renal disease. Adv Perit Dial. 1997;13:155–157
  89. Koo JR, Yoon JW, Kim SG, et al. Association of depression with malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1037–1042
  90. Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: Inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006;27:24–31
  91. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65:732–741
  92. Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines and psychopathology: Lessons from interferon-alpha. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:819–824
  93. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:961–966
  94. Tyring S, Gottlieb A, Papp K, et al. Etarnecept and clinical outcomes, fatigue, and depression in psoriasis: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2006;367:29–35
  95. Kimmel PL, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, et al. Behavioral compliance with dialysis prescription in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5:1826–1834
  96. Everett KD, Brantley PJ, Sletten C, et al. The relation of stress and depression to interdialytic weight gain in hemodialysis patients. Behav Med. 1995;21:25–30
  97. Safdar N, Baakza H, Kumar H, et al. Non-compliance to diet and fluid restrictions in haemodialysis patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 1995;45:293–295
  98. Sensky T, Leger C, Gilmour S. Psychosocial and cognitive factors associated with adherence to dietary and fluid restriction regimens by people on chronic haemodialysis. Psychother Psychosom. 1996;65:36–42
  99. Brownbridge G, Fielding DM. Psychosocial adjustment and adherence to dialysis treatment regimes. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994;8:744–749
  100. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2101–2107
  101. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psych. 1961;4:561–571
  102. Hedayati SS, Minhajudin AT, Toto RD, Morris DW, Rush AJ. Validation of depression screening scales in patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 Jun 2;[Epub ahead of print]
  103. Alpert JE, Biggs MM, Davis L, et al. STAR*D Investigators Enrolling research subjects from clinical practice: Ethical and procedural issues in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141:193–200
  104. Micromedex® Healthcare Series [intranet database] (Version 5.1). Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson Reuters Healthcare, Inc; 2008;
  105. Cohen LM, Tessier EG, Germain MJ, Levy NB. Update on psychotropic medication use in renal disease. Psychosomatics. 2004;45:34–48
  106. Cohen SD, Perkins V, Kimmel PL. Psychosocial issues in ESRD patients. In:  Daugirdas J,  Ing T editor. Handbook of Dialysis. (ed 4). Boston, MA: Little Brown; 2007;p. 455–461
  107. Yuan Y, Tsoi K, Hunt RH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Confusion or confounding?. Am J Med. 2006;119:719–727
  108. Wessinger S, Kaplan M, Choi L, et al. Increased use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients admitted with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A multi-center retrospective analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:937–944
  109. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding: A population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:59–64
  110. Serebruarny VL. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and increasing bleeding risk: Are we missing something?. Am J Med. 2006;119:113–116
  111. Spigset O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drug Saf. 1999;29:277–287
  112. Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Shinkai K, et al. Higher plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels are associated with SSRI-induced nausea. Neuropsychobiology. 2003;48:31–34
  113. Finkelstein FO, Finkelstein SH. Depression in chronic dialysis patients: Assessment and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1911–1913
  114. Wuerth D, Finkelstein SH, Finkelstein FO. The identification and treatment of depression in patients maintained on dialysis. Semin Dial. 2005;18:142–146
  115. Wuerth D, Finkelstein SH, Ciarcia J, et al. Identification and treatment of depression in a cohort of patients maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:1011–1017
  116. Kennedy SH, Craven JL, Rodin GM. Major depression in renal dialysis patients: An open trial of antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:60–63
  117. Levy NB, Blumenfield M, Beasley CM, et al. Fluoxetine in depressed patients with renal failure and in depressed patients with normal kidney function. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18:8–13
  118. Blumenfield M, Levy NB, Spinowitz B, et al. Fluoxetine in depressed patients on dialysis. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27:71–80
  119. Sesso R, Miyasaki MC, Duarte PS, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in hemodialysis patients with depression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:52A;(abstr)
  120. Ouzouni S, Kouidi E, Sioulis A, Grekas D, Deligiannis A. Effects of intradialytic exercise training on health-related quality of life indices in haemodialysis patients. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23:53–63
  121. Levendoğlu F, Altintepe L, Okudan N, et al. A twelve week exercise program improves the psychological status, quality of life and work capacity in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol. 2004;17:826–832
  122. Finkelstein FO, Finkelstein SH, Wuerth D, Shirani S, Troidle L. Effects of home hemodialysis on health-related quality of life measures. Semin Dial. 2007;20:265–268
  123. Reynolds JT, Homel P, Cantey L, et al. A one year trial of in-center daily hemodialysis with an emphasis on quality of life. Blood Purif. 2004;22:320–328
  124. Finkelstein FO, Collins A, Glickan J, et al. Daily home hemodialysis improves the quality of life measures, depressive symptoms and recovery time: Interim results from the FREEDOM Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:52A;(abstr)
  125. Suri RS, Garg AX, Chertow GM, et al. Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Group Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials: Study design. Kidney Int. 2007;71:349–359
  126. Cukor D, Coplan J, Brown C, et al. Anxiety disorders in adults treated by hemodialysis: a single-center study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:128–136
  127. Strine TW, Kroenke K, Dhingra S, et al. The associations between depression, health-related quality of life, social support, life satisfaction, and disability in community-dwelling US adults. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197:61–64
  128. Maratos AS, Gold C, Wang X, Crawford MJ. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;CD004517
  129. Gallagher LM, Lagman R, Walsh D, Davis MP, Legrand SB. The clinical effects of music therapy in palliative medicine. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14:859–866
  130. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462–1470

 Originally published online as doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.003 on July 10, 2009.

PII: S0272-6386(09)00757-4

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.003

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 741-752 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution