American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 647-652 , October 2009

Oral Paricalcitol in the Treatment of Patients With CKD and Proteinuria: A Randomized Trial

Received 24 November 2008 ,Accepted 7 April 2009.

References 

  1. de Zeeuw D. Targeting proteinuria as a valid surrogate for individualized kidney protective therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:713–716
  2. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. RENAAL Study Investigators Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861–869
  3. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Collaborative Study Group Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851–860
  4. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, et al. African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:2719–2728
  5. Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Clemens TL, Holick MF, Krane SM. Specific high-affinity receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Presence in monocytes and induction in T lymphocytes following activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57:1308–1310
  6. Szeto CC, Chow KM, Kwan BC, Chung KY, Leung CB, Li PK. Oral calcitriol for the treatment of persistent proteinuria in immunoglobulin A nephropathy: An uncontrolled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:724–731
  7. Helming L, Bose J, Ehrchen J, et al. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent suppressor of interferon gamma-mediated macrophage activation. Blood. 2005;106:4351–4358
  8. Penna G, Adorini L. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol. 2000;164:2405–2411
  9. Kuhlmann A, Haas CS, Gross ML, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases podocyte loss and podocyte hypertrophy in the subtotally nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;286:F526–F533
  10. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:229–238
  11. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of oral paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2823–2828
  12. Alborzi P, Patel NA, Peterson C, et al. Paricalcitol reduces albuminuria and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: A randomized double-blind pilot trial. Hypertension. 2008;52:249–255
  13. Schwarz U, Amann K, Orth SR, Simonaviciene A, Wessels S, Ritz E. Effect of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 on glomerulosclerosis in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int. 1998;53:1696–1705
  14. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Ning G, Deb DK, Kong J, Li YC. Combination therapy with AT1 blocker and vitamin D analog markedly ameliorates diabetic nephropathy: Blockade of compensatory renin increase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:15896–15901
  15. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Remuzzi G GISEN Group Investigators. Retarding progression of chronic renal disease: The neglected issue of residual proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2003;63:2254–2261
  16. Jose P, Tomson C, Skali H, et al. Influence of proteinuria on cardiovascular risk and response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1725–1727
  17. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation. 2004;110:921–927

 Originally published online as doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.036 on July 14, 2009.

 Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; study number: NCT00469625.

PII: S0272-6386(09)00829-4

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.036

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 647-652 , October 2009