American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 598-601 , October 2009

Shared Primacy of Sodium and Potassium on Cardiovascular Risk

  • Horacio J. Adrogué, MD

      Affiliations

    • Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
    • ,
  • Nicolaos E. Madias, MD

      Affiliations

    • St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Nicolaos E. Madias, MD, Department of Medicine, Caritas St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 736 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02135

References 

  1. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of world-wide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217–223
  2. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1966–1978
  3. Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, et al. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease (The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Follow-up Study). Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:32–40
  4. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. The effects of non-pharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels: Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase I. [erratum in JAMA 267:2330, 1992] JAMA. 1992;267:1213–1220
  5. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure: The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:657–667
  6. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. INTERSALT: An international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: Results for 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ. 1988;297:319–328
  7. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized trials: Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16:761–770
  8. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, et al. The effects of oral potassium on blood pressure: A quantitative overview of randomized, controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 1997;277:1624–1632
  9. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. The long-term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: Observational follow-up of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. BMJ. 2007;334:885–888
  10. Chang HY, Hu YW, Yue CS, et al. Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1289–1296
  11. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005;

 Originally published online as doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.008 on July 6, 2009.

PII: S0272-6386(09)00830-0

doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.05.008

American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 598-601 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution