Five Decades of Indian Nephrology: A Personal Journey

Map of India. Adapted and reproduced from The World Factbook of the US Central Intelligence Agency.²

Vim Silverman needle used for performing renal biopsies in 1956. A lumbar puncture needle was used for locating the depth of the kidney. (a) Lumbar puncture needle, (b) its stylet, (c) sheath of Vim-Silverman needle, (d) stylet, and (e) cutting prongs of Vim Silverman needle.

Kolff Twin-Coil Artificial Kidney Dialysis Machine used at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in 1963.

Dr Samuel Kountz, transplant surgeon from New York, being shown the drum placed at a height of 10 feet for feeding dialysis fluid to the Kiil dialyzer.

A child being dialyzed with the adult Kiil dialyzer using a single compartment in 1969. Dialysis was performed without using a monitoring system.

An improvised polythene catheter used for peritoneal dialysis in 1964. The abdominal trocar used for inserting the catheter also is shown.