Comparison of Concurrent Complications of CKD by 2 Risk Categorization Systems

Background

Using both estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria to classify the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proposed. The utility of a staging system incorporating both eGFR and proteinuria for guiding the evaluation of concurrent CKD complications is not known.

Study Design

Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting & Participants

30,528 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 1988-1994 and 1999-2006 (n = 8,242 for hyperparathyroidism).

Predictors

Classification system that uses both eGFR and proteinuria (alternative) and a system that primarily uses eGFR (NKF-KDOQI [National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative]).

Outcomes

Prevalence of anemia, acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypertension.

Measurements

GFR estimated from the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and proteinuria assessed using urine albumin-creatinine ratio.

Results

Prevalences of hypoalbuminemia, hypertension, and hyperparathyroidism increased with more severe CKD using the NKF-KDOQI system. For example, the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was 9.1%, 11.1%, 28.2%, and 72.5% for stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Similarly, prevalences of anemia, acidosis, and hyperphosphatemia increased progressively from stage 2 through 4. With the alternative system, prevalences of anemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypertension, and hyperparathyroidism were lower in stage 3 than in stage 2. For example, the prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was 13.5%, 40.3%, 22.2%, and 63.4% for stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Applying the alternative system, participants without each complication were more likely to be reclassified appropriately to lower stages (eg, overall net reclassification index of −6.5% for hyperparathyroidism). However, participants with complications (except for hypoalbuminemia) were more likely to be reclassified inappropriately to lower stages.

Limitations

Use of a single creatinine measurement to estimate GFR and single measurement to assess albumin-creatinine ratio. Small number of participants with CKD stage 4.

Conclusions

The NKF-KDOQI system may better identify patients with certain concurrent CKD complications compared with systems using eGFR and proteinuria.

Index Words:  Chronic kidney disease , glomerular filtration rate , albuminuria , anemia , acidosis , hyperphosphatemia , hyperparathyroidism , hypoalbuminemia , hypertension